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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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look at slide 8
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ok
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Divisions of the ANS:
Parasympathetic: ... outflow Sympathetic: ... outflow ...: nerve cells in the intestinal tract considered independent from parasympathetic and sympathetic systems |
craniosacral
thoracolumbar Enteric |
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Sympathetic division:
The peripheral sympathetic nervous system consists of prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia that are under the control of neurons located in the..., which in turn are under the influence of neurons in the ... and .... Autonomic nervous system is ... controlled. Tied into emotions. ... remains the central key processing |
spinal cord
brainstem hypothalamus centrally Hypothalamus |
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Energy Use:
-The effects of sympathetic stimulation are ... - preparing the body to flee or fight -The effects of parasympathetic stimulation are ... -promoting normal function and conserving energy. |
catabolic
anabolic |
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Sympathetic prevertebral ganglia
The sympathetic chain has ganglia roughly associated with spinal levels including: -... pairs cervical -... to ... pairs thoracic -... to ... pairs lumbar -... to ... pairs sacral -A single coccygeal ganglion (ganglion ...) The inferior cervical ganglion and first thoracic ganglia are usually fused to form the ... ganglion. |
3
10 to 11 3 to 5 3 to 5 impar stellate |
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Do the extremities have any parasympathetic control?
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No
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Distribution:
-The parasympathetic system is restricted in its distribution to the head neck and body cavities (except for erectile tissues of genitalia). Otherwise, parasympathetic axons ... found in the body wall and limbs. -Sympathetic axons are distributed to all ... portions of the body. Examples of ... tissue- nails, cartilage |
are never
vascularized unvascularized |
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Large increases in ... activity are created by intense excitement or exertion. The general effects include both increased and decreased activity:
Increased: heart rate, blood pressure, blood to skeletal muscles, blood glucose levels, sweating, pupil diameter decreased: gut motility, digestive gland secretion, blood to abdominal viscera and skin |
sympathetic
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Efferent sympathetic information exits from the spinal cord (levels ...-...) in the ventral root as a preganglionic axon and then enters a sympathetic ganglion through the ... (myelinated axons) where it makes contact with neurons in the ganglia.
Information then exits the ganglia, usually through a ... to distribute to target organs. |
T1-L2
white communicating ramus grey communicating ramus |
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There is also a special preganglionic pathway, the sympathetic innervation of the .... In this case, preganglionic axons from the ... cell column directly innervate adrenal medullary cells (chromaffin cells).
These cells have a similar embryonic origin to sympathetic neurons and release ... (mostly ...) into the bloodstream. This is an ... effect that allows a generalized sympathetic response in the body. |
adrenal gland
intermediolateral catecholamines epinephrine endocrine |
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Sympathetic nervous system:
-... outflow -Preganglionic cell bodies are located in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments, ...-.... -Preganglionic fibers are short and synapse with ganglia in the sympathetic chain or preaortic (prevertebral) ganglia, which are found along the .... |
Thoracolumbar
T1-L2 abdominal aorta |
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Sympathetic ganglia:
The sympathetic ganglia are primarily located in the ... (trunk, paravertebral ganglia) and prevertebral ganglia associated with the abdominal aorta and its larger branches (celiac, aorticorenal, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia). |
sympathetic chain
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Postganglionic sympathetic innervation:
They form sympathetic nerves to reach their targets. Postganglionic axons collect to form independent nerves directly from the .... Examples include the cervical and thoracic cardiac, and pulmonary nerves. |
sympathetic chain ganglia
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Postganglionic sympathetic innervation:
They innervate vascular smooth muscle of the esophagus, heart and lung, glandular epithelium of respiratory structures and smooth muscle of the esophagus and heart. Note that sympathetic nerves are .... |
postganglionic sympathetic axons
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viscerotopic organization of preganglionic sympathetic axons:
Lower lumbar and sacral ganglia are innervated by neurons located in the lower ... and upper ... spinal cord. Once you get below ..., you don’t have any more sympathetics |
thoracic
lumbar L2 |
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Parasympathetic division:
Parasympathetic innervation is much more restricted in its distribution than in the sympathetic division. Preganglionic neurons are located : in the brainstem nuclei of Cranial Nerves ... in sacral spinal segments ... to ..., Hence the name ... system. |
III, VII, IX and X
S2 to S4 craniosacral |
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Parasympathetic visceral innervation:
The sacral parasympathetic nuclei are in the parasympathetic nucleus of ... cell column from S2 to S4 of the spinal cord. These preganglionic axons contact parasympathetic ganglion cells on the descending colon, rectum, bladder and erectile tissue and glands associated with the genitalia. |
intermediolateral
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Eye:
pupil: P? S? lens: P? S? |
constricts (miosis)
Dilates (mydriasis) contracts for near relax for far |
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Glands:
Nasal, lacrimal, parotid, gastric, submandibular, pancreas: P? S? Sweat glands: P? S? |
stimulates copious secretion
vasoconstriction for slight secretion sweating palm/hands copious sweating (cholinergic) |
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Heart: P? S?
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decrease contraction and conduction velocity
increase contraction and conduction velocity |
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lungs:
bronchial smooth muscle: P? S? resp. epithelium: P? S? |
contracts
relaxes decrease # of goblet cells w/ thin secretions increase # of goblet cells w/ thick secretions |
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GI tract:
lumen: P? S? sphincter: P? S? secretion/motility: P? S? |
contracts
relaxes relaxes contracts increases decreases |
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systemic arterioles:
skin/visceral vessels: P? S? skeletal muscles: P? S? |
none
contracts none relaxes |
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Genitourinary:
Bladder wall (detrusor): P? S? Sphincter (trigone): P? S? Penis: P? S? |
contracts
relaxes relaxes contracts erection (point) ejaculation (shoot) |
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kidneys: P? S?
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unknown
vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles (<GFR, < urine volume) |
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ureters: P? S?
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maintains normal peristalsis
uretospasm |
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liver: P? S?
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glycogen synthesis
glycogenolysis release into blood |
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Uterus:
body (fundus): P? S? cervix: P? S? |
relaxation
constricts constrict relaxes |
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Parasympathetic:
All viscera above the diaphragm = ... |
vagus
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Parasympathetic:
Below the Diaphragm 3 Major organ systems GI System - Entire Small Intestine = ... - Large Intestine (Asc., Tran., Desc., RecSig) *Divide in half* Proximal half - Ascending and Transverse = ... Distal half - Descending and Recto-sigmoid = ... |
Vagus
Vagus Pelvic Splanchnic |
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Parasympathetic:
GU System Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder (No urethra) *Divide in half* Proximal half = Kidneys and upper Ureters = ... Distal half = Lower Ureters and bladder = ... |
Vagus
Pelvic Splanchnic |
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Parasympathetic:
Reproductive System Ovaries and Testicles = ... Everything else (uterus, prostate and genitalia) = ... |
Vagus
Pelvic Splanchnic |
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Sympathetic nervous system:
Viscera Spinal cord level Head/ Neck ... Heart ... Respiratory Sys. ... Esophagus ... |
T1-T4
T1-T5 T2-T7 T2-T8 |
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Sympathetic Nervous system:
spinal cord level for heart is ... |
T1-T5
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Sympathetic Nervous system:
spinal cord level for esophagus is ... |
T2-T8
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Sympathetic Nervous system:
spinal cord level for head/neck is ... |
T1-T4
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Sympathetic nervous system:
spinal cord level for respiratory system is ... |
T2-T7
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Sympathetic nervous system (GI system):
*Remember Two Landmarks 1) ... - divides the duodenum and jejunum 2) ... - divides the transverse and descending colon |
Ligament of Treitz
Splenic flexure of the Large Intestine |
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Anything before the ligament of Treitz – ...-...
Anything between these two landmarks – ...-... Anything after the Splenic flexure – ...-... |
T5 - T9
T10 - T11 T12 – L2 |
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Sympathetic Nervous system:
Upper GI tract (stomach, liver, GB, spleen, part of pancreas and duodenum) -spinal cord level = ... -Nerve and ganglion = ... and ... Mid GI tract (Part of pancreas and duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon and proximal 2/3 transverse colon) -spinal cord level = ... -Nerve and ganglion = ... and ... Lower GI tract (distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending and sigmoid colon and rectum) -spinal cord level = ... -nerve and ganglion = ... and ... |
T5-T9
Greater Splanchnic N. Celiac Ganglion T10-T11 Lesser Splanchnic N. Superior Mesenteric Ganglion T12-L2 Least Splanchnic N. Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion |
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Sympathetic Nervous system:
Appendix -SC level = ... |
T12
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Kidneys
-SC level = ... -ganglion = ... |
T10-T12
superior mesenteric |
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adrenal medulla
-SC level = ... |
T10
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Upper Ureters
-SC level = ... -ganglion = ... |
T10-T11
Superior Mesenteric |
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Lower Ureters
-SC level = ... -ganglion = ... |
T12-L1
Inferior Mesenteric |
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Bladder
-SC level = ... |
T11-L2
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Gonads
-SC level = ... |
T10-T11
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Uterus and Cervix
-SC level = ... |
T10-L2
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Erectile tissue (P&C)
-SC level = ... |
T11-L2
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Prostate
-SC level = ... |
T12-L2
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UE – arms
-SC level = ... |
T2-T8*
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LE – legs
-SC level = ... |
T11-L2
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Look at slide 42
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ok
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The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have their greatest anatomic overlap in the regulation of the .... In the abdominal viscera, they exert general influences over a third neuronal system, the ... nervous system.
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viscera
enteric |
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Enteric nervous system – functional pathways:
These plexuses also contain circuits that regulate blood flow and secretion in response to lumen contents. All of these functions are relatively autonomous, but under ... and ... influences. |
sympathetic
parasympathetic |
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The enteric plexuses contain both motor and sensory neurons and interneurons that are organized to produce synchronous waves contraction and relaxation involved in ... (... reflex). Distension of the intestinal lumen activates contraction ... to the distension, and relaxation .... This propels the bolus toward the anus
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peristalsis
peristaltic proximal distal |
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Effects on Circulation:
-All effects are produced by action on vascular smooth muscle -With the exception of the ... arteries, vasoconstriction is sympathetically stimulated. -Vasomotor control over vessels of the body wall are controlled by the sympathetic system alone. -In glandular secretion, the sympathetic induced restriction of blood flow will generally reduce or change the nature of glandular secretions (e.g. saliva as watery or thick). -In deep muscles, sympathetic stimulation produces .... |
coronary
vasodilation |
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VS Mechanism Continued:
The convergence of both somatic and visceral inputs at spinal interneuron level is thought to account for “...” Classic Example: MI, pain radiating into the jaw and down the left arm The convergence of sensory input to the interneurons not only activates visceral efferents for appropriate response, but also activates alpha and gamma motor neurons to the ... muscles. |
referred pain
skeletal |
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... pain is considered diffuse and poorly localized. It may be referred (incorrectly perceived as originating from) to some overlying somatic location.
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Visceral
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