Exam 1 Terms For Modern Civilization

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Renaissance Individualism

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o private ownership in capitalist economics
o scientific experimentation
o humanistic philosophy
o personal expression in art and literature.

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Individualism

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o With his fundamental belief in justification by faith alone, Martin Luther developed a theological principle from which the individual is the center of the Christian experience.

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Religious conflict

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o The old and the new forms of Christianity would come to violence in significant religious conflict. Protestantism, and its emphasis on the conscience of the individual, would challenge the old centralized authority of the Roman Catholic Church.

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The drive for local authority

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o The notion of local identity will be important in the northern states of the Holy Roman Empire (HRE). For the German states, there will be an emphasis on local autonomy and a gradual separation from the empire. The Lutheran option would help in the drive to gain more independence from the HRE.

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nationalism national rivalries

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o For the powerful centralized nations of Spain, France and England, the influence of nationalism will be quite important. This motive will be observed in national rivalry, warfare and empire building.

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Mercantilism

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focus on improving the economic power of a given nation.
• predicated on the notion of a nation having a marketable surplus
• Great nations have increasing productivity. This improving production gives the nation a surplus to sell to other nations.
• The result would be a favorable trade balance. The nation would sell more to other societies or states than they would buy. Also, the nation with the favorable balance of trade would have an increasing amount of gold and silver coming into its national treasury. Having a favorable trade balance and an increase in gold and silver was the economic mark of a powerful nation.
• Another component of mercantile theory was the development of colonies could be used for markets and resources. For example, a colony could produce the resource of tobacco. Then, the raw tobacco would be shipped to the mother country where it would be turned into marketable items. In this case, such things as snuff, chewing and smoking tobacco would be the end products. Those products would be sold locally and to other countries.
• When the items would be sold to other nations or states, they would pay with gold and silver. Hopefully, the seller nation would have an increasing amount coming into the home economy; thus, there would be a favorable trade balance. Then, an increasing amount of gold and silver would be coming into the national treasury. As well, a colony would be a place to sell finished products (e.g. furniture).

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• Religious Divisions in Europe
o The South of Europe:

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The countries of the south of Europe stayed Roman Catholic. Among these nations were France, Spain and Portugal. As well, the Italian city-states remained Catholic.

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o The North of Europe:

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Most of the states and nations of northern Europe turned to Protestantism. Among these nations were Sweden and England. As well, several German principalities and several of the Swiss Canton's became Protestant.

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o Religious Wars:

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The major religious differences coupled with the force of nationalism spawned several major European wars.