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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory |
The ability to retain information over time. |
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What are the types of Sensory memory? |
Iconic and Echoic |
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What is Iconic memory and what is it's duration and capacity? |
Has to do with visual information, lasts 250-300ms and the capacity is everything in the visual field. |
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What is the coding of Echoic memory, its duration, and its capacity? |
Auditory information, 2 or 3 seconds, and about 5 items (tones, letters, etc.) |
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What happens to sensory memory traces? |
It depends on where your attention is. If attending (even subconsciously), it is transferred to short-term memory. If not, it decays. |
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What is short term memory, what is it's coding, duration, and capacity? |
Memory store where you keep info for a short time, it is not modality specific: auditory, visual, semantic (having to do with meaning). The duration is not fixed, it depends on rehersal (repetition aloud or sub vocally to improve recall. Capacity is not fixed, depends on many things such as type of info, amount of rehersal, individual differences. Capacity is about 4 chunks. |
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What is interference? |
Information in memory cannot be accessed at a given time because it has been displaced by other information. |
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What is the serial position effect? |
The position in which something occurs determines how easy it is to retrieve memory. Info at beginning and end of task is easier to recall than info in middle. |
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What is the Primacy effect? |
Recall is better for info at beginning of task |
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What is the Recency effect? |
Recall is better for info at the end of the task. Primacy and recency give rise to serial position effect. |
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What is chunking? |
Grouping items in STM into meaningful whole. It expands the capacity of STM. Cannot chunk forever because of interference. |
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What is Linguistics? |
The scientific study of language. |
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What are phonetics? |
The study of the sounds of human language. |
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How are speech sounds described? |
By place and manner of articulation. |
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When dealing with speech sounds, what is Place? |
Where air is being changed (by tongue, teeth, lips, etc.) |
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When dealing with speech sounds, what is the manner of articulation? |
How the sound is being changed (stopped, made more turbulent, pushed into nasal cavity) |
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What does IPA stand for and what is it? |
International Phonetic Alphabet: Standardized representation of speech sounds. |
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What are some of the benefits of the IPA? |
it is Unambiguous (most written languages aren't phonetic) and Universal (allows you to reconstruct physical properties of speech sounds) |
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What is Hebbian learning? |
Firing of one neuron creates larger EPSP in next, making firing more likely. "Neurons that fire together wire together" |
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What is a cell assembly? |
Group of neurons that have become associated via Hebbian learning. |
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State two facts about Neuron input and response. |
Neurons have thresholds, and don't fire until they reach that threshold, "all or none" response. And the cell body "sums" the input from other neurons. |
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What does IPSP stand for and what is it? |
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential: Action of another neuron's neurotransmitters makes cell membrane more negative, neuron LESS likely to have action potential. |
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What does EPSP stand for and what is it? |
Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential: Action of another neuron's neurotransmitters makes cell membrane more positive, neuron is MORE likely to have action potential. Enough EPSPs and neuron reaches threshold, action potential occurs. |
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What is an action potential? |
Electro-chemical signal that travels down axon to terminal buttons. |
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How many hemispheres does the brain have? |
2, left and right |
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What are the subcortical structures continuous with? |
The spinal cord. |
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What is a Gyrus? |
A bulge in the brain. |
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What is a Sulcus? |
A crevice in the brain. |
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What connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain? |
The corpus callosum. |
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How are the hemispheres divided? |
Into four lobes. |
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What lobes does the central sulcus divide? |
The frontal and parietal lobes. |
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What fingers represent the frontal lobe? |
Pinky and ring fingers. |
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What fingers represent the parietal lobe? |
Pointer and middle fingers. |
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Where is the Temporal Lobe located on the hand model? |
The knuckles of the pointer and middle fingers, the sides of the brain. |
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Where are the Occipital Lobes on the hand model? |
Back of the brain, where the thumb knuckles are. |
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Where is the primary motor area on the hand model? |
The ring finger. Right in front of the central sulcus. There is one in each hemisphere of the brain. |
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What part of the primary motor cortex controls the toes? |
The part right by the corpus callosum. |
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What part of the primary motor cortex controls the mouth? |
At the bottom of the primary motor cortex. |
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What is the gyrus right behind the central sulcus called? |
The primary somatosensory area. There is one in each hemisphere of the brain. |
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What does the primary somatosensory area/cortex do? |
It lets you feel the sensation of touch |
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What is cognition? |
Mental processing, processes and components. |
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Why does cognitive science exist? |
We wanted to be able to describe the mind. |
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3 Facts about the mind |
They're not perfect machines, they can't be understood in isolation, because of those two things, they are hard to reproduce in machines. |
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3 ways the mind has been described. |
Mind as associations, mind as computer, mind as brain-body-world system. |
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What is upper in brain talk? |
Superior or Dorsal |
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What is lower or bottom in brain talk? |
Inferior or Ventral. |
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What is front in brain talk? |
Anterior or Rostral. |
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What is back in brain talk? |
Posterior or Caudal. |
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What are the sides of the brain in brain talk? |
Lateral. |
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What is the middle in brain talk? |
Medial. |
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What does the brainstem do? |
Basic life support (breathing, heart rate, etc.) |
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What does the Thalamus do? |
Sensory relay to cortex. |
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What does the Hippocampus do? |
Memory. |
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What does the Amygdala do? |
Emotion, memory. |
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What does the Corpus Callosum do? |
Connects hemispheres. |
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What do the Basal Ganglia do? |
Action selection, but mostly need to know they're there. |
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What does the Cerebellum do? |
Motor control. |
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Name the 7 subcortical structures. |
Brainstem, Thalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Corpus Callosum, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum. |
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What lobe and Brodmann area is the Primary motor area located in? Hand model location? |
Frontal lobe, BA 4, Two handed model, ring finger. |
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What does the Prefrontal cortex do and what lobe is it located in? BA? Hand model? |
Reasoning, decision making, empathy, frontal lobe, BAs 9-12, 46, 47. Front half of pinky. |
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What lobe and Brodmann area is the Primary somatosensory area located in? Hand model location? |
Parietal lobe, BAs 1-3, middle finger. |
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Where is the primary auditory cortex, lobe, BA and hand model? |
Temporal lobe, BA 41 42, middle finger knuckle |
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Where is the primary visual area? Lobe, BA, hand model? |
Occipital lobe, BA 17, over thumb knuckles |
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What is a category? |
Group of items sharing 1 or more similarities. |
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What are the 3 approached to categorization? |
Classical theory, Prototype theory, "Theory" theory. |
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Describe the classical approach to categorization. |
Two claims: All members of category share certain features, list of features defines that category. Features are necessary and sufficient which means they must be present, if all necessary features are present, item is a member of the category. |
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Describe Prototype theory. |
Some members are more typical, Category members do share certain features but the features are not necessary, they are typical, a category can't be defined by a set of features. |
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Define a prototype. |
Member with largest number of typical features. |
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Describe "Theory" theory. |
Categories are not fixed, and formed based on experience. We form hypotheses, we collect data, we revise as needed. |
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What is Mental Imagery? |
The ability to form images from memory without any perceptual input. |
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How are mental images and visual perception the same? Different? |
Both use V1, mental images are like 're-seeing'. Different because we can generate MIs of things never seen, MI is less detailed than VP. |
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What is Long term memory? |
Memory store that holds information for a long time. |
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Coding, Duration, and Capacity of LTM |
Not modality specific: Auditory, tactile, semantic, olfactory, visual. Duration: Indefinite, Capacity: Infinite. |
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2 kinds of LTM and the definition. |
Procedural: Memory system or sequences of actions. Declarative: Memory system for info that can be described as words, symbols, images. |
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Describe 2 types of Declarative memory. |
Semantic: Memory for facts, general knowledge. Episodic: Memory for personally experienced events. |
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What is Retrieval? |
The process of accessing info stored in memory. |
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Are memories static? |
No, the brain actively constructs memory. |
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What does retrieval rely on? |
Cues, which are associations between things. |
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When are cues created? |
Encoding: info first processed, stored in LTM. Elaboration: New info is linked to info already in LTM. |
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What is encoding specificity? |
Information is encoded in LTM in a way that is specific to the context present during time of encoding. |
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State-dependant memory definition. |
Retrieval is easier when in same state or context as during encoding. |
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What is the definition of Mood dependent memory. |
Retrieval is easier when in same mood as during encoding. |
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Define Priming. |
Exposure to stimulus speeds response to another stimulus. |
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How does priming work? |
Semantic networks and spreading activation. |
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What is spreading activation? |
Exciting one node spreads activation along network to other nodes.` |
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How does information flow through the brain to become "memory"? |
Sensory to STM to LTM, Hippocampus, Medial temporal lobe |
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What is consolidation? |
Memories become more stable, resistant to interference. |
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What plays a key role in recreation? |
The Hippocampus. Memories are re-created experiences, Visual, somatosensory, motor. |
