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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Democracy
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political community where popular soveriegnty, political equality, and liberty all exsist
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Direct Democracy
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people directly determine what the government does. examples include: an initiative and referendum
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Representative Democracy
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elect a candidate to represent our interest in government
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Politics
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a moral process that attempts to reconcile social and economic differences in society, mechanism used to reach compromise when there is no single acceptable solution
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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single most comprehensive of voting legislation ever enacted by Congress. Eliminated racially descriminating barriers. Ex. literacy test, poll tax
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Jim Crow
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system of laws, official segregation of american blacks
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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anti descrim. legislation. Eliminated all forms of public discrimination and public accomodations
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Affirmative Action
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private/public programs designed to address contemporary effects of past descrimination
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Positive State
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argue govt should take an active role in providing goods and services necessary for a prosperous society
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Minimalist State
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argue govt is too large and inefficient. only produce goods unable to provide by ourselves
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Collective goods
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goods and services provided by govt for all of us whether paid taxes or not. ex. public ed.
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Harold Laswell
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who gets what, when and how
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David Easton
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authorative allocation of values
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Foreign Policy
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directly effect rel wtih other nations
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Intermestic Policy
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overlap foreign and domestic. ex. immig, trade deficits
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Domestic Policy
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programs and policies that directly effect individuals living within a country ex. social, education, environmental
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National Debt
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total amt of money govt owes ex.t-bills, notes, and bonds
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National Deficit
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annual accounting spending more than taking in
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Policy making processes
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cyclical 6 stage process, in which public policies are made
1)agenda setting (issue makes it on govt agenda, range of issues govt is dealing with at that given point in time) 2)policy deliberation(development of proposal, to try to develop solution) 3)policy enactment(leg. body passes bill to pres to become law) 4)policy implementation(bureaucracy responsible for implementing law passed) 5)policy output(policy enforced)ex.IRS tax reform bill, ex. audit 6)policy outcome (evaluation of policy) |
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Triggers of Pub.Policy
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Various things that need pub. policy
1)National Disasters (Hurricanes), 2)Unanticipated 1)Human Events (Terrorism), 3)Technological Change in Environment(global warming), 4)Ecological Change (peoples life span, marriage rate, teen pregnancy rate), 5) Economic conditions (depression, inflation) |
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
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estab seperate but equal
validated jim crow |
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Brown v. Topeka Board of Education (1954)
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overturned plessy
pub schools desegregated |
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Public Policy
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what the govt does or doesn't do
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Consitution
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written doc. embodies rules of political system
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Constitutional Convention
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philly 1787, begin may 25 1787-sept 1787, 109 days, east room PA state house (Independence hall), 12 of 13 states showed but not RI, 74 delegates selected, 55 showed, no more than 30 at a single meeting, James Madison(father of constitution) attended every meeting
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Judicial Review
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authority of the court to declare legislative/executive acts unconstitutional, including Supreme Court, Marbury v. Madison(1803)
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Declaration of Independence
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where we find term all men are created equal
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Articles of the Confederation
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first serious attempt at written agreement of govt. Confed-loose assoc. of indep. states agreeing to cooperate on certain matters. In place for 6 yrs. 4 major problems. 1) no indep leader position 2)no taxing power for congress 3)no power for congress to regulate commerce 4)unanimous consent required for anything
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VA Plan
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-randolph
-bicameral based on pop -broad undefined legis.power -single executive -nat. court system -council of revision large state plan |
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NJ Plan
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small state plan
-unicameral legis, = state rep -same leg. power as art. with the exception of tax and commerce -plural executive -no natl court system -supremacy clause(art. 6 today) |
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Great/CT Compromise
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-settled debate over congress representation
-produced bicameral. popular-low chamber =state rep-upper chamber (17th ammendment senate directly elected) |
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Checks and Balances
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to ensure no one branch is more important than the other
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Separation of Powers
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system in const. gives each branch sep. set of powers. jud-hear/decide cases
exec-implent decision of court leg-makes legislation |
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Bill of Rights
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1st 10 ammendments proposed by madison
-include to statisfy anti-feds, so no 2nd const. conven |
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Electoral College
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institution that directly elects prez. 51 states elect electors. Ok 7 electors. 538 electors.# of electors = sum of congress. delegation. CA 55
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U.S. Constitution
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PreAmble(purpose of govt)
7 articles 27 ammendments |
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Constitutional Ammendment proposal stage/ratification stage
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article 5 of consitution
formal way to ammend document 2 stage proposal/ratification proposal:2/3 in each house&senate convention can be called at 2/3 of states Ratification:3/4 of states legislatures or approval of ammendment in conventions held in 3/4 of states (used for 21st ammendment) |
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3/5 Compromise
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for purpose of house seats slaves counted as 3/5 person
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Ammendments 1-10
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Bill of Rights
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12th ammendment
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separate ballots for VP & Prez. Restrict electors for voting for both from their state.
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13th ammendment
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abolished slavery
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14th ammendment
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blacks claims to citizenships, BOR applicable to state, equal protection and due process clause
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15th ammendment
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black male right to vote
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17th ammendment
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senators elected directly
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18th ammendment
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prohibition
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19th ammendment
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women right to vote
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20th ammendment
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day/time term for prez and congress begin jan 20 inaug.
Lame Duck |
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21st ammendment
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Repeal Prohibition, only ammendment using state convention
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23rd ammendment
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3 electors for DC
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27th ammendment
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Congress can not raise pay while in session. Original 2nd ammendment proposed by Madison
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Marbury v. Madison (1803)
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SC case court estab. judicial review
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votes to be prez
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270 electoral votes
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Federalism
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division of powers of 2 or more powers in same political system
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Federal System
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USA, divide powers in political system to various levels of power, natl govt with recognizing state, not unique to US, rare though
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Unitary System
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most common used form of govt. Division of power between central and sub-central. Strong central system which can abolish sub central govts.
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Confederal System
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power resides in independent states. ex. UN
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Commerce Clause
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Artice 1. Prohibit private forms of descrimination
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Elastic Clause
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Art. 1 Sect. 8 Clause 18, implied powers come from here
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Supremacy Clause
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art 6, natl govt rules
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Express Powers
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explicitly identified in constit. ex. power to tax, declare war for Congress.
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Implied Powers
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found in elastic clause, broad undefined powers belonging to congress not explicit in constit in ex. charter bank
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Reserve Powers
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belong to states, 10th ammendment, policies education , police powers
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Mandate
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order to carry out policy or program given to state/local govt given by natl. usually unfunded
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Dual Federalism
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seperate and independent entities. ex layer cake, ex. courts(state/natl)
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Cooperative Federalism
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most common
intermingling between govt in diff policy areas ex. marble cake |
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Picket-fence federalism
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same as cooperative but in narrow area ex. teen pregnancy
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New federalism
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decision makin to state/local govt. associated with repub regan/nixon. ex. personal resp. work opp of 1996
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Supremacy federalism
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art 6 supremacy clause, natl govt prevails
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Categorical Grant
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provided from one level of govt to another
reciepent lil descression on how it can be spent 2 types:formula(Pell Grants) project |
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Revenue Sharing
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windfall monies to state/local govt. crime rates, poverty rates. used for whatever they saw fit. No longer exsist
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Block Grant
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fair amt of descression on how you can spend money (urban renewal grants)
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General Purpose Govt
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provide wide array of services, police,water, fire dept, electricity
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Special Districts
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jurisdication geographically overlaps gen purpose govt. enables jurisdiction to collectively pull resources to provide for what they couldn't get for themselves. Largest category in US, school districts, perform single function like education, fire districts, etc
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Equal Protection Clause
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14th ammendment, requires states not deny citizens equal protection of the law, newly freed slaves
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McCulloch v. Maryland 1819
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interpreted elastic clause, powers of congress are elastic expanding or contracting
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Establishment Clause
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govt must remain neutral on religious issues
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Free Exercise Clause
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found in 1st ammendment, congress shall not make a law regarding religion, free to believe what we want to believe, actions of believes are not always protected, ex. prayer in pub school and moment of silence (unconstit)
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Symbolic Expression
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non verbal speech ex. flag burning (constitutional) less protected
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Establishment clause
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ex. lemon, allen, separation of church and state
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Smith Act
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illegal to advocate overthrowing of any govt by force or violence
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Bad Tendency Test
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unpopular speech could be restricted, lessened amt of latitude in free speech
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Clear and Present Danger Test
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test of speech, wide lattitude of speech, clear-direct present-immediate protected. ex. fire in crowded, not protected
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Lemon Test
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test used to determine whether money can be given to parochial schools, must have a secular purpose, primary effect must be neutral and can not intangle church and state
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Civil Liberties
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legally protected freedoms to act or not act, against unwaranted govt intrusion
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Civil Rights
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govt responsibilities so we can participate in democratic life
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Right of Privacy
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judicially created right, everyone has it, in shadow of bill of rights
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Miller Test
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test used to determine for obscenities
1)appeals to lust-obscene 2)conduct depicted illegal/law in books 3)laps test |
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Exclusionary Rule
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mapp v. ohio prohibits illegal evidence to be used to prosecute
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Prior Restraint
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official censorship before something is said or published. Near v. Minnesota
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Barron v. Baltimore
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SC case upheld notion bill of rights not applicable to states
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Mapp v. Ohio
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provided exclusionary rule
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Near v. Minnesota
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provided prior restraint
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Gitlow v. New York
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bad tendency test
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Gideon v. Wainwright
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6th ammendment case, non capital cases right to attourney
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Engel v. Vitale
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SC case struck down short non denomenational prayer in NY
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Wallace v. Jaffree
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AL case ruled moment of silence unconstitutional
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Griswold v. CT
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right to privacy case, SC interpreted it this way
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Roe v. Wade
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right to privacy case extended for women to choose concerning abortions
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