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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What %'age is our body made up of water?
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60-70%.
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Safe as the earth
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What is the fraction of water division within our body? (Intracellular & Extracellular)
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2/3 = Intracellular (Inside Arteries and Veins)
1/3 = Extracellular (Outside a cell --> In tissues, lymph, and 3rd space [ Fluid that goes into a place where the body normally does not exchange fluid.]) |
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What is Plasma? -(In the human body)- And what is the average volume of blood within a human?
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Fluid portion of blood; about 3 liters on average.
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What is Hydrostatic Pressure?
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A force that pushes fluids out of a cell
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What is Osmotic / Oncotic Pressure?
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A force that pushes fluids into a cell
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Which one always (usually) win? And if something goes wrong, what's the result?
Hydrostatic vs Osmotic |
Hydrostatic always wins. And if something goes wrong, it results in an abnormal distribution of fluids
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How is the fluid levels within our bodies normally controlled? How do water levels change?
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Intake : Thirst
Excretion: Sweat. Urination. Metabolism. |
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What is Dehydration?
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Decrease in volume of water within our body.
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What can cause Dehydration?
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1) Inadequate intake.
2) Excessive urination due to lack of ADH 3) Hemorrhages |
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What is the main factor in Diabetes Insipidus? What is the problem?
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Lack of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) causes excessive urination which can lead to dehydration.
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What can happen if there is excess fluid in a cell. Any cell. Either Transudate or Exudate
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This can result in severe drops in blood pressure and circulating blood pressure. When tissues are swollen, localized hypoxia can occur due to constriction such as in pulmonary edema where the lung tissues become swollen or in cerebral edema where the brain tissue is swollen. Tissue death can occur as a result as well as death of the patient. For the brain swelling, a Hypotonic IV is given. Dangerous…but quick way of sucking out H2O.
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What are the three causes of dehydration
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1) Decreased intake (drinking)
2) Excessive urination due to inadequate ADH (Anti-Diuretic Hormone) 3) Hemorrhages |
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What is hypomias and what can it do?
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Inadequate fluid in blood. Results in drop in blood pressure.
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What is the reverse of dehydration? And what are the three reason for it?
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Too much volume.
1) Due to renal failure 2) Aldosterone & other hormonal problems. 3) Heart failure (All of these = Over-hydration) |
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What can lead to over hydration in hospitals?
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Patients given wrong IV, too much IV, or the IV is given too fast.
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What can occur if there is a change in the walls of vessels? (3)
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1) Shock - Capillary beds lost their integrity.
2)Trauma - Smashed tissue, which equals smashed Capillary beds. 3) Inflammation / Autoimmune disease. |
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Capillary walls are semi permeable.
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Walls of the Capillary are semi permeable.
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What is the blood pathway in the Hepatic portal system?
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Heart => Arteries => Capillaries => Veins => Heart ...etc.
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What is an Edema?
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Fluid in a tissue.
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What can a Edema possibly indicate?
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Possible disease.
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How are Edemas named?
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They are named by their cause/mechanisms/types of fluids.
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What is Transudate?
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No enough sucking of fluids. Can lead to looking bloated. Free fluid in the belly.
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What the four types of Edemas and what do they result in?
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1) Inflammation = Increase in vascular permeability
2) Hydrostatic = Increase in Blood Pressure 3) Obstructive = blockage in lymphatic Systems. 4) Hypervolemic = Retention of Na+ and H2O |
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In terms of an Edemas, what does Inflammation do?
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Inflammation Edemas causes an increase in vascular permeability.
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In terms of an Edemas, what does Hydrostatic do?
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Hydrostatic edema increases the blood presure
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In terms of an Edemas, what does Obstructive do?
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Obstructive edemas are blockages in the lymphatic systems
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In terms of an Edemas, what does Hypervolemic do?
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Hypervolemic edemas cause retention of Na+ and H2O.
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What is an Tranudate?
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Clear intracellular fluid that accumulates within a cavity or area. It can be drained if it obstructs daily life.
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-uDATE! = fluid
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What is an Excudate?
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Pus like liquid that is excreted during an inflammation response and/or results from a change in the wall permeability.
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-uDATE = fluid
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Shock: What are the four types of EXCESS fluid formation?
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1) Circulatory Shock
2) Tissue Necrosis 3) Pulmonary Edema 4) Cerebral Edema |
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What is Circulatory Shock?
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Excessive fluid in tissue space that causes low blood volume and low blood pressure.
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What is Tissue Necrosis?
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Oxygen delivery and waste removal impaired within a tissue.
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What is Pulmonary Edemas?
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Suffocation
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What is Cerebral Edema?
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Headache / Nausea / Seizures / Comas
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What can excessive fluid in tissues cause?
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This can result in severe drop in blood pressure, and if the fluid (or water) is not removed quick enough, tissue and/or organ damage or DEATH can occur.
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CHF is what?
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Shortness of breath.
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What two factors combine to cause heart failure?
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Heart failure = Hydrostatic + Hypervolemia.
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What results from heart failure? What other organ is involved? What happens?
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Not enough blood is sent to the kidneys. The kidneys think that there's a low BP and start retaining Na+ and H2O to raise blood pressure.
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LDL VS HDL; which one is better? Which one has two parts? Which of the two parts is more dangerous?
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LDL = bad. HDL = good. HDL is what we want. An HDL of 40+. Two types of LDL. Large particles and small particles. Small = dangerous.
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LDL Vs HDL ...Low density High Density
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Type of Shock: Circulatory Shock
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Excessive fluid in tissue spaces causes low blood volume & low blood pressure
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Type of Shock: Tissue Acidosis
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Oxygen delivery & waste removal is impaired.
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Type of Shock: Pulmonary Edema
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Suffocation
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Type of Shock: Cerebral Edema
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Headache / seizures / coma
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What can happen if excessive fluid is left on/in a tissue or organ?
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The tissue or organ will get damaged or die.
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What are the two main components of heart failure?
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1) External Hemorrhage = OUTSIDE (Like Cuts)
2) Internal Hemorrhage = Internal bleeding. Cannot support the presume. |
Types of Hemorrhages
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What is Thrombosis? How many types? and what do they do?
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Solid structure made of blood cells and fibrin. Two types:
1) Intrinsic: Clotting with damaged vessels. 2) Extrinsic: Clotting of blood tissue |
Two forms of them
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What are Embolisms? How many are there? Name them.
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3 of them.
1) Thromoembolism: Can get infected. 2) Fat Embolism: Result from bone fractures. 3) Gas Embolism. |
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What is Thromoembolism and what can happen to it?
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Its a fibrin embolism and it can get infected.
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Dont worry too much
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What is Fat Embolism and what can happen to it?
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It's a embolism of fat. It can result from bone fractures.
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Stagnation
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The accumulation of a normally circulating fluid in a part or an organ.
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Arrhythmia
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An arrhythmia is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. During an arrhythmia, the heart can beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm.
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What are the three stages of Shock?
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1) Compensated (reversible)
2) Decompensated (reversible) -causes hypertension. low BP + Output 3) Irreversible |
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