Exam 1 Part 2

Front 1

Particle size of interest for pulmonary applications

Back 1

1 to 10 microns 

Front 2

fine particle fraction 

Back 2

less than 5 microns

Front 3

count mode 

Back 3

is the most frquently occuring particle size in the distribution 

Front 4

count median diameter CMD

Back 4

is the particle size above and below which 50% of the particles are found 

Front 5

mass media diameter MMD or massmedian aeridynamic diameter MMAD 

Back 5

is the particle size above and below which 50% of the particles are found 

indicates where the mass of drug is centered in a distribution of particle size

Front 6

Geometric standard deviation GSD

Back 6

a measure of the dispersion of the distribution calculated as the ration of particle size below which 84% of the particles occur to the particle size below which 50% occur in a log-number distribution 

determines how spread out the particles are in relationship to their size

Front 7

what is the bulk drug mass 

Back 7

is centered in large particle size 

Front 8

the mass determines 

Back 8

whether the distribution will be efficent for penetration into the respiratory tract and delivery of an adequate dose

Front 9

a major factor influencing aerosol depostition in the lung is 

Back 9

particle size 

Front 10

the upper airway deposition 

Back 10

nose particle size larger than 10 microns 

mouth particle size larger than 15 microns

 

Front 11

particles sizes 5 to 10 tend to deposit in the 

Back 11

upper airways and the early airway generations

 

Front 12

particles sizes 1 to 5 tend to deposit in the 

Back 12

lower respiratoru tract from the trachea to the lower lung periphery 

Front 13

the optimal deposition in the human lung is achieved 

Back 13

with particles of 3 microns

inhaled with low inspiratory flow less than 1 L/sec 

tidal volumes of 1 L

Front 14

what factors affect depostition

Back 14

age 

disease 

breathing patterns 

Front 15

particles >L 10 microns 

Back 15

useful in treating nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal lung regions

Front 16

particles 5 to 10 microns 

Back 16

may shift depostition of aerosol to the more central airways, although significant oropharyngeal deposition is expected 

Front 17

particles 2 to 5 microns

Back 17

as particle size decreases to <5 microns, depostion jshifts from the oropharyngeal and large airways to the overall lower respiratory tract

Front 18

particles .8 to 3 microns

Back 18

delivers aerosol to the lung parenchyma, including terminal airways and alveolar region 

Front 19

3 physical mechanismas are considered for aerosol particle deposition in the human lung 

Back 19

1 inertial impaction 

2 gravitational setting ( sedimenation)

3 diffusion 

Front 20

inertial impaction is function of 

Back 20

particle size(mass) and velocity 

Front 21

inertial impaction increases with 

Back 21

larger size particles and higher velocities

Front 22

in the upper airway and early brochial generations 

Back 22

particle velocity is highest

airflow tends to be turbulent 

total creoss sectional area of the airway is smallest

Front 23

gravitational settling is a function of 

Back 23

particle size and time 

Front 24

settling is greater for 

Back 24

larger particles and slow velocities inder the influence of gravity 

Front 25

particles .1 to 1.0 micron may 

Back 25

remain suspended or even exhaled because the time requred to diffuse tothe airway surface tends to be greater than the inspiratory time of a normal breath 

Front 26

factors complicating aerosol deposition 

Back 26

aersol generated under dry ambient conditions 

and inhaled into airway where temp and humidity rapidly increase to 37 degrees C`

Front 27

inhaled aerosol drugs are 

Back 27

heterodisperse 

hydroscopic 

Front 28

common devices for delivering inhaled aerosols 

Back 28

small volume nebulizers SVN

pressurized metered dose inhalers pMDI

dry powder inhaler DPI 

Front 29

reservoir devices 

Back 29

spacers and holding chamber

they reduce oropharyngeal deposition of drug and simplify hand breathing coordination with pMDI

Front 30

factors that lung deposition depends on 

Back 30

the patient 

the drug

the disease

 

Front 31

one may shift the loss from the throat to the reservoir and increase lung deposition by 

Back 31

adding a reservoir device to the pMDI and using a nonelectrostatic valved holding chamber 

Front 32

lung depsiton may range from

Back 32

 1 to 40%

Front 33

aerosol generators have varying 

Back 33

oropharyngela loss

device loss

exhalation 

ambient loss

 

Front 34

SVN is a 

Back 34

type of aerosol generator that converts liquid drug solutions into aerosol

Front 35

SVN are powered by

Back 35

 compressed gas air of O2

a compressor 

electrically powered device 

 

Front 36

Advantages of nebulizers 

Back 36

*is that dose delivery occurs over 60 to 90 breaths rather than in 1 or 2 inhalations

*a single ineffective breath does not destroy the efficancy of the treatment

*ability to aerosolize many drug solutions

*ability ot aerosolize drug mixtures with suitable testing of drug activity 

*minimal cooperation or coordination required for inhalation 

*useful in very younf or old debillitated patients and patients in acute distress 

*effective with low inspiratory flows or volumes

* normal breathing pattern can be used and inspiratory pause not required for efficancy

* drug concentrations and dose can be modified 

Front 37

disadvantages of nebulizers 

Back 37

* equipment required for use is expensive and cumbersome 

* treatment times are somewhat lengthy 

* there is variability in performance characteristics among different types, brands, and models 

* contamination is possible with inadequate cleaning 

* assembly and cleaning required 

* a wet cold spray  occurs with mask delivery 

* aerosol drug administration with a face mask may inadvertently deposit in the eyes resulting in eye irritation 

* a power source is needed for aerosol drug administration 

Front 38

Ultrasonic Nebulizers USN 

Back 38

are electrically powered devices ooperating on the piezoelectric principal and capable of high output 

Front 39

advantages of USN 

Back 39

* small size 

* rapid nebulization with shorter treatment times 

* smaller drug amounts with no diluent for filling volume 

* can be used during car travel or camping 

 

Front 40

disadvantages of USN 

Back 40

* expense 

* fragilitiy 

* requires electrical source

* possible degrading effect on drug must be determined 

 

Front 41

Small Particle Aerosol Generator SPAG 

Back 41

is a large reservoir nebulizer capable of holding 300ml of solution for long periods of nebulization. 

operates on a jet shearing principle. 

is used to administer the antiviral drug ribavirin

Front 42

a SVN is fitted with 

Back 42

inspiratory and expiratory one way valves and with an expiratory filter. 

the oneway valves used prevent second hand exposure of Pentamidine by eliminating the contamination of the ambient environment with exhaled aerosol 

Front 43

Factors affecting SVN performance 

Back 43

dead volume 

filling volume and treatment time

effect of flow rate

type of pwer gas 

type of solution 

humidity and temp 

device inhalers 

Front 44

the dead volume 

Back 44

is the amount of drug solution remaining in the reservoir device when the device starts sputtering. 

jet nebulizers do not aerosol below a minimal volume and is generally between .5 1.0 mL 

 

Front 45

primary reason for diluent solutions for jet nebulizers 

Back 45

the dead volume 

Front 46

recommended filling volume for nebulizers 

Back 46

3 to 5 mL