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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of skeletal system (6)
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support
protection help in movement mineral homeostasis hematopoiesis triglyceride storage |
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Axial skeleton includes... (3)
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skull
vertebral column ribcage |
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Appendicular skeleton includes...
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extremities
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Types of bones (5)
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long
short flat irregular sesamoid sutural |
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Periosteum
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pertaining to around the bone
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Diaphysis
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shaft
(through the bone) |
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Metaphysis
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epiphyseal plate/line
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Epiphysis
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Above the bone - bone end
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Cortical tissue
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compact bone
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Cancellous tissue
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spongy bone
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Properties of bone (3)
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hardness (inorganic)
flexibility (organic) tensile strength (organic) |
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Matrix
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25% water
25% collagen fibers 50 % minerals |
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Types of minerals in matrix (mentioned in notes)
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hydroxyapatite - most important
magnesium hydroxide fluoride sulfate |
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Types of bone cell (4)
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osteoprogenitor cell
osteoblast osteoclast osteocyte |
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Osteoprogenitor Cell
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found in periosteum, endosteum, vascular canals
unspecialized stem cell transforms to osteoblast derived from mesenchyme |
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Osteoblast (jobs, transformation)
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synthesize/secrete collagen
initiate calcification ---------------- transforms to osteocytes when trapped in their own matrix not able to undergo mitosis |
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Osteocyte
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mature bone cell
maintains daily metabolism |
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Osteoclast
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WBC's fused together
multinucleated breaks own old cells |
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Compact bone
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outside of all bone
protection/support resists stress uses OSTEO SYSTEM |
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Osteon System (Haversian system)
-Main components |
perforating canals (out->in)
central canals (longitudinally) lamellae (3 types) lacunae (lakes) canaliculi (connector canals) |
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Spongy bone
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no osteons
red/yellow bone marrow space most of the short/flat/irregular bones uses TRABECULAE SYSTEM |
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Trabecular system (main components) (5)
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-framework
interstitial lamellae lacunae (lakes) canaliculi (connector canals) osteoblasts/clasts on surface |
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Types of blood supply (4)
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periosteal artery/vein
nutrient artery/vein metaphyseal artery/vein epiphyseal artery/vein |
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Lymph supply
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follows perforating arteries/veins
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Nerve supply
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follows all vessels supplying bone
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Nutrient artery/vein
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main supply
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Periosteal artery/vein
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branch from nutrient artery/vein
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Metaphyseal artery/vein
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combines with nutrient artery/vein
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Epiphyseal artery/vein
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has own supply
does not associate with nutrient artery/vein |
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Ossification
Osteogenesis |
bone formation
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Types of connective tissue to be developed (2)
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fibrous
hyaline |
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Types of ossification (2)
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intramembranous (4 steps)
endochondral (5 steps) |
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Intramembranous ossification
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bone forms directly on/within loose fibrous connective tissue membranes
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Steps of intramembranous ossification (how many steps?)
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1. development of ossification center
2. calcification of membrane 3. formation of trabeculae 4.development of periosteum |
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Steps of endochondral ossification (how many steps?)
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1. development of cartilage model
2. growth of cartilage model 3. development of primary ossification center (nutrient artery, perichondrium ->periosteum, form trabeculae) 4. development of secondary ossification center 5. formation of articular cartilage/epiphyseal plate |
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Directions of growth (2)
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interstitial
appositional |
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Interstitial growth
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growth in length
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Appositional growth
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growth in width
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Zones of interstitial growth (4)
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-resting cartilage
-proliferating cartilage -hypertrophic cartilage -calcified cartilage |
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Zone of resting cartilage
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interstitial growth
nearest epiphysis anchor epiphyseal plate to bone in epiphysis |
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Zone of proliferating cartilage
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interstitial growth
highly mitotic to replace chondrocytes dying at diaphyseal end |
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Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
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interstitial growth
larger chondrocytes arranged in columns maturing chondrocytes |
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Zone of calcified cartilage
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interstitial growth
few cells thick osteoclasts dissolve cartilage epiphyseal plate firmly cemented to diaphysis |
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Steps of appositional growth (steps)
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1. begin ridge around periosteal arteries
2. fuse ridges completely around 3. produce lamellae 4. repeat |
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Factors affecting bone growth
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hormones (3)
diet (vitamins/minerals) |
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Insulin-like growth factors
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hormone
promotes cell division enhance protein synthesis |
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hGH
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hormone
human growth hormone stimulates IGF's secreted by anterior pituitary |
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Sex steroids
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hormone
"spurts" of synthesis of matrix ***ESTROGEN - SHUTS DOWN |
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Dietary factors (minerals)
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Calcium/phosphorus - large amounts
F,Mg, Fe, Mn - small amounts |
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Dietary factors (vitamins)
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"back"
C - callagen syntheses, osteoblasts -> osteoclasts K, B - protein synthesis A - stimulates osteoblasts |
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Maintain of bone homeostasis
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osteoblasts and clasts work together at an even rate
if out of sync, bones will be weak or larger than normal |
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Open fracture
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wound exposed
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Closed fracture
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fracture within body, no wound
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Complete fracture
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From one side to the other of a bone
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Incomplete fracture
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not broken entirely through the bone
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Comminuted Fracture
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shattering of bone
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Spiral fracture
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3D twisting of the bone
like twisting a tree branch, cracking down the side, and returning back to the origin |
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Greenstick fracture
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associated with children
one half splinters off and other half holds together |
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Impacted fracture
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bones are pushed into one another
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Pott's fracture
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associated with the ankle
--- interior tendon breaks fibula shaft breaks pressure from lateral direction |
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Depressed fracture
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any position (especially in the skull) where it is pushed in further than normal
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Colle's fracture
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associated with the wrist
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Healing of fractures (simple)
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1. blood clot
2. cartilage clot 3. bone clot 4. remodel |
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Healing of fractures (complex, each step)
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1. circulation stops, swells, inflames, capillaries grow, brings phagocytes/osteoclasts
2. cartilage forms, fibroblasts glue cartilage together, cartilage callus complete 3.osteogenic -> osteoblast, trabeculae forms which joins living tissue to dead tissue 4. dead bone reabsorbed, compact bones replaces spongy bone on periphery, callus smoothed |
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Calcium's role in body (5)
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nerve impulses
enzyme activity blood clotting buffers muscle contraction |
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Regulation of calcium
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based on how it is disposed and absorbed in the bone
hormones |
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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stimulated by low Ca2+ levels
GI tract will retain Ca2+ speeds up osteoclast activity stimulates formation of vitamin D |
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Calcitonin (CT)
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stimulated by high Ca2+ levels
encourages GI tract to rid of Ca inhibits osteoclast activity increases osteoblast formation |
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Classification of all joints
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physiological (function)
anatomical (structure) |
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Anatomical classification of joints
-structure |
fibrous
cartilaginous synovial |
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Physiological classification (3) of joints
-function |
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis diarthrosis |
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Fibrous joints
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bones held together by fibrous connective tissue
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Ex: fibrous joints
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sutures
syndesmoses gomphoses wrist |
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Cartilaginous joints
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bones connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
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Ex: cartilaginous joints
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synchondroses (ribs -> sternum)
symphyses (vertebrea; pubis) epiphyseal plate |
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Synovial joints
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joint capsule
contains "synovial" fluid accessory ligaments attach articular discs; fat pads, tendon sheaths rich blood supply nerves associated with muscles move joints |
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Ex: synovial joints
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knee
shoulder fingers |
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Synarthrotic joints
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do not move at all
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Amphiarthrotic joints
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move very little
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Diarthrotic joints
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move freely
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Types of synovial joints (6)
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planar
hinge pivot condyloid saddle ball and socket |
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Planar Joint
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synovial joint
nonaxial Ex: carpals |
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Hinge Joint
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synovial joint
uniaxial Ex: elbow; knee |
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Pivot Joint
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synovial joint
uniaxial Ex: neck; ulna/radius |
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Condyloid Joint
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synovial joint
biaxial Ex: wrist |
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Saddle Joint
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synovial joint
biaxial Ex: thumb |
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Ball and socket Joint
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synovial joint
multiaxial Ex: hip; shoulder |
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Factors affecting range of motion in synovial joints (6)
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1. structure/shape of articulating bones/cartilage
2. strength/tension of ligaments 3. arrangement/tension of muscles 4. apposition of soft parts 5. disuse 6. aging |
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Types of movements at synovial joints (4)
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gliding (2)
angular (6) rotation (2) special (11) |
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Gliding movements
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ulnar deviation (medial)
radial deviation (lateral) |
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Flexion
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angular
close angle |
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Extension
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angular
widen angle |
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Hyperextension
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angular
beyond anatomical position |
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Abduction
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angular
away from midline |
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Adduction
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angular
bring to midline |
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Circumduction
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angular
circular |
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Rotation (2)
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medial - internal
lateral - external |
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Elevation
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special*
to rise up Ex: shoulder blades |
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Depression
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special*
to lower Ex: shoulder blades |
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Protraction
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special*
anterior movement of arms from shoulders |
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Retraction
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special*
posterior movement of arms from shoulders |
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Inversion
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special*
feet pointed medially |
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Eversion
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special*
feet pointed laterally |
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Dorsiflexion
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special*
walk on heals and toes in air |
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Plantar flexion
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special*
walk on tippy toes |
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Supination
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special*
laying face up |
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Pronation
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special*
laying face down |
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Opposition
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special*
thumb being able to touch the palm of hand or other digits |
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Sutures
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name based on the two bones that touch
EXCEPTION IS CRANIAL SUTURES |
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Adults have ___ number of bones
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206
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The fetus has ___ number of bones
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276
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Neurocranium bones (bones)
How many total? |
parietal (2)
temporal (2) occipital (1) frontal (1) ethmoid (1) sphenoid (1) 8 total |
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Facial skeleton (bones)
How many total? |
nasal (2)
zygomatic (2) lacrimal (2) maxilla (2) palatine (2) mandible (1) vomer (1) choncha (2) 14 total |
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Cranial sutures
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coronal
sagittal squamosal lambdoidal basilar |
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Sinuses
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sphenoid sinus - nasal
ethmoid air cells - nasal maxillary sinus - nasal frontal sinus - nasal parotic sinus - ear |
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Bones that make up the orbit (7)
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frontal
ethmoid sphenoid maxillary zygomatic lacriminal palatine |
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Ossicles
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mallus
incus stapes |
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Fetal skull functions (3)
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protect
collapse growth |
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Bossing (2)
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frontal eminence
parietal eminence |
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Special suture for fetus
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metopic (frontal)
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Fontanels (4)
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anterior (bregma)
posterior (lambda) anterolateral (pterion) posteriolateral (asterion) |
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Hyoid Bone
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does not touch bone
suspends larynx in throat |
