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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 Main Tissues
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1. Connective
2. Nervous 3. Muscle 4. Epithelium |
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Epithelial Characteristics
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-No blood vessels
-Protect, transport, gas exchange, excretion, secretion, absorption -Derived from ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm -Basement membrane |
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Axoneme
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-Cilia structural unit
-9 microtubule pairs surrounding center microtubule pair |
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Microvilli
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-Smaller than cilia
-Actin filaments -"Brush border", intestine |
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Stereocilia
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Like microvilli but branched
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Calcium Ion Dependent Cell Adhesion Molecules
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-Cadherins
-Selectins |
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Cadherins
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-Cell adhesion
-Tumor metasasis if cadherins broken -Use catenins to attach to actin |
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Catinins
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Lambda, alpha, beta subunits attach cadherin to actin in cell cytoplasm
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Selectins
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-Attach to carbs via lectins
-Used in white blood cell migration (T-cell "homing") |
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Selectin Types
(E, L, P) |
E: on active endothelial cells
L: on leukocytes (white b.c.) P: on platelets and endothelial cells |
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Calcium Ion Independent Cell Adhesion Molecules
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-Ig Superfamily
-Integrins -Desintegrins |
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Ig Superfamily
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-CAM (cell adhesion molecules)
-HIV receptor -Folded domain like immunoglobins |
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Integrins
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Attached to outside (fibronectin and laminin) and inside (actin) of cell using alpha and beta subunits
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Transcellular Pathway;
Paracellular Pathway |
-Transcellular: ions, water move through the cell
-Paracellular: travel between cells |
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"zozamaga"
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zonula occludance, zonula adherance, macula adherance, gap juntions
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Occluding Junctions
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-Use zonula occludance ("belt" around cells)
-Tight junctions between cells -Near apical domain |
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Anchoring Junctions
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-Zonula adherance: attach to actin, around cell, below zonula occludance
-Macula adherance: spot "desomosomes"/adherins |
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Hemidesmosomes
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-NOT intracellular juntion
-Attach basolateral domain to basement membrane -Assymetrical (don't connect to another hemidesmosome) |
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Gap Junctions
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-Tunnel between two cells
-Formed by 6 connexins (membrane proteins) |
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Basement Membrane
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-Basal lamina + Reticular lamina
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Basal Lamina
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Made of laminins from epithelial cells and type IV collagen
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Reticluar Lamina
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Made of fibronectin from fibroblasts in CT
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6 Cytoskeleton Functions
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1. Mobility
2. Change shape 3. Phagocytosis 4. Support 5. Cell division (cytoinesis) 5. Cell-cell adherance |
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Microfilaments
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- Part of cytoskeleton
- Made of actin filaments - G-actin: single unit - F-actin: chain of G-actin - "Treadmilling": G-actin added to + end and removed at - end |
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Microtubules
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- Made of 13 alpha & beta dimers, 25 nm diameter
- Protofilament: column of dimers - Help in mitosis |
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Saltatory & Axonal Vesicular Transport
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-Saltatory: continuous & random movement
-Axonal: directional |
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Kinesin & Cytoplasmic Dynein
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-Motor proteins
-Kinesin: anterograde transport; takes things away from cell center -Cytoplasmic Dynein: retrograde transport; takes things toward cell center |
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Myosin II
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-Made of 2 chains (light & heavy)
-Found in muscle & non-muscle |
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Chromatin Phases: Euchromatin, Heterochromatin, Hyperchromatin, Pyknotic
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-Euchromatin: chromtin is unwound & ready for transcription
-Heterochromatin: chromain is wound, inactive -Hyperchromain: in small lymphocytes -Pyknotic: very condensed chromatin, cell is sick/dieing |
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Barr Body & Drumstick Body
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-Bump is inactive X chromosome in females
-Barr body: in epithelium -Drumstick body: in neutrophil |
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Nucleolus
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-Site of rRNA synthesis in nucleus
-Indicates transcription when visible |
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Mitosis Phases
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-Prophase: chromatin condenses
-Metaphase: chromosomes align on equitorial plate -Anaphase: sister chromatids divide -Telophase: nuclear membrane reforms |
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Parenchyma & Stroma
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-Parenchyma: secreting portion of gland
-Stroma: "home" of parenchyma |
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Phospholipid Bilayer, Glycolipids, Cholesterol
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-5 diff phospholipids makeup 50% of membrane
-Glycolipids are cell identity markers Cholesterol: adds stability |
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ER Leaflets: Exocytoplasmic & Protoplasmic
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Exotyoplasmic: faces lumen of ER
Protoplasmic: faces cytoplasm (cystolic compartment) |
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Rough ER
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-Ribosomes attached
-Produces proteins for outside of cell -Sends proteins to golgi |
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Golgi Apparatus CIS & TRANS face
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-Modifies proteins from rough ER
-CIS: closest to ER -TRANS: farthest from ER |
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Primary & Secondary Lysosomes
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Primary: new, not active
Secondary: actively "eating" |
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Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Clathrin-Coated Endocytosis
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- Phagocytosis: cell "eating"
- Pinocytosis: cell "drinking" - Clathrin-Coated: brings in small macromolecules |
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6 Steps of Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
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1. Ligan attaches to receptor
2. Internalization of complex 3. Clathrin-coating of complex 4. Clathrin-coat detaches 5. Lysosome fuses w/ endosome containing ligand 6. Free receptor taken back to plasma membrane |
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Mitochondria
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-Produces ATP
-DNA from mother |
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Outer & Inner Mitochondrial Membranes
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-Outer: pores to allow ions in
-Inner: cristae (folds) & matrix, both where ATP is produced |
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Peroxisomes
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-Help w/ hydrogen peroxide metabolism
-Synthesize cholesterol & bile salts in liver -Contain 50 diff enzymes |
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Syncytial
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Multi-nucleated skeletal muscle cells
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Epimyseum, Perimyseum, Endomyseum
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-Epimyseum: covers entire named muscle, dense CT
-Perimyseum: covers fascicle of muscle -Endomyseum: covers single muscle cell/fiber |
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Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasm, Sarcosomes, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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-Sarcolemma: plama membrane of muscle cell/fiber
-Sarcoplasm: muscle cell cytoplasm -Sarcosome: mitochondria -Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: smooth ER |
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T-Tubules
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-Carry neural depolarization signal into muscle cell for contraction
-Release signal at A/I junction |
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Triads
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-In skeltal muscle
-2 sarcoplasmic cisternae (reticulums) around a T-tubule -Depolarization signal transmitted to sarcoplasmic cisternae |
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Myofibrils, Sarcomeres
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-Myofibrils: long actin/myosin fibers in a muscle cell
-Sarcomeres: functional unit of muscle, between two Z bands |
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A, I, M, H, Z Bands
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-A Band: length of myosin, can have actin
-I Band: only actin, takes 2 sarcomeres to form complete I band (straddles Z band) -M Band: where two sides of myosin combine in H band H Band: only myosin Z Band: form boundary of sarcomere |
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Actin Myofilament
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- Found in A & I bands
- G-actin: globular form - F-actin: double-stranded fibrous form |
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Troponin & Tropomyosin
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-Troponin: T, I, & C attached to actin, C not in smooth muscle, Ca binds to tropoinin C so myosin can attach to actin
-Tropomyosin: in groove between 2 actin filaments |
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Myosin Myofilaments
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-In A & H bands
-Myosin II -Globular head binds to F-actin during contraction |
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Nebulin, Desmin, Plectin, Alpha Actinin & Titin
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-Nebulin: template for actin
-Desmin: holds myofibrils together uniformly -Plectin: binds 2 desmin strands together -Alpha Actinin: "glue" that sticks actin to Z-band -Titin: like a spring, keeps myosin in line |
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What Changes During Contraction
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-Sarcomere length decreases
-H band length decreases as more overlap of actin & myosin -I band decreases as more overlapping of actin & myosin |
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What Does Not Change During Contraction
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-A band length cause length of myosin myofilament doesn't change
-Myofilament length of actin & myosin remainse the same |
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Basal Lamina & Neuromuscular Junction
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Basal lamina holds AcHase to break down AcH neurotransmitters
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Muscle Contraction Steps
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- T-tubule transports signal to triad at A/I junction
- Sarcoplasmic cisternae releases calcium - Calcium causes release of troponin C from actin & mysosin head attaches and pulls actin -Calsequestrin puts Ca back into sarcoplasmic cisternae |
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Cardiac Muscle Differences from Skeletal Muscle
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-T-tubule releases signal at Z band
-"Diad" instead of triad (1 sarcoplasmic cisternae & T-tubule) -Purkinje fibers act as conducters -1 nucleus |
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Intercalated Disks
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-In cardiac muscle
-Gap junctions and horizontal desmosomes between myocytes |
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Dense Bodies & Lipid Rafts
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-In smooth muscle
-Dense Bodies: striated w/ actin & myosin-like filaments -Lipid Rafts: indentations, like T-tubules |
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Contraction In Smooth Muscle
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-No troponin; calmodulin takes its place
-Hormones can stimulate contractions |
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Red & White Muscle Fibers
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-Red: "slow twitch", high in myoglobin (blood), used for sustained contractions
-White: "fast twitch", low in myoglobin, used for bursts of activity |
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Development of Nervous System
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-Derived from ectoderm (outermost layer)
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7 Structures the Neural Crest Derives
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1. Parasympathetic NS
2. Enteric ganglia 3. Dorsal root ganglia 4. Heart 5. Chromaffin cells (adrenal medulla) 6. Schwann cells 7. Branchial arches (face), skull |
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Neuron Anatomy & Their Functions
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-Stroma: aka perikaryon, cell body, receives & integrates signals
-Dendrites: at least 1 dendrite per neuron, receive signals -Axon: 1 axon per neuron, transmit signals |
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Bipolar, Multipolar, Pseudounipolar Neurons
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-Multipolar: has 1 axon & many dendrites
-Golgi Type I: axon is longer than dendrites -Golgi Type II: axon is shorter than dendrites -Bipolar: 1 axon & 1 dendrite -Pseudounipolar: looks to have 1 pole but actually has 2 |
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Necleus, Neurophil, Lamina, Ganglia
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-Nuclues: cluster of neurons in CNS
-Neurophil: small material & synapses (not large neurons) -Lamina: neurons in layers -Ganglia: cluster of neurons outside CNS |
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Nerves & Tracts
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-Nerves: group of axons outside CNS
-Tracts: group of axons inside CNS |
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5 Types of Synapses
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1. Axoaxonic: axon "talks" to another axon
2. Axodendritic: axon talks to dendrite 3. Axospinoous: axon talks to spine of dendrite 4. Axosomatic: axon talks to soma 5. Somatoaxonic: soma talks to axon |
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Symmetrical & Asymmetrical Synapses
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-Symmetrical (FIGS): flattened vesicles, inhibitory, GABA, symmetrical
-Asymmetrical (AREA): aspartic, round vesicles, excitetory, asymmetrical |
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Anterograde & Retrograde Axonal Transporte
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-Anterograde: kinesin, soma to axon (away from cell)
-Retrograde: cytoplasmic dynein, axon to soma (toward cell center) |
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Astrocytes
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-Glial cells (supportive)
-Look like stars |
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Fibrous & Protoplasmic Astrocytes
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-Fibrous Astrocytes: in white matter (myelinated fibers)
-Protoplasmic Astrocytes: in grey matter |
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Glia Limitans
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-Glia limitans are foot processes of astrocytes
-Forms blood-brain barrier |
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Formation of Myelin in CNS & PNS
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-CNS: oligodendroglial cells, no basal lamina so can't repair itself, can myelinate up to 50 different axons
-PNS: Schwann cells, has basal lamina so can repair myelin sheath, can myelinate only 1 segment |
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Major Dense Line, Minor Dense Line/Intraperiod Line, Mesaxons
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-Major Dense Line: two cytoplasmic leaflets touching
-Minor Dense Line: space between cytoplasm -Mesaxons: inner (where myelin starts) & outer (where myelin ends) |
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Nodes of Ranvier, Schmidt-Lanterman Clefts
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- Nodes of Ranvier: gap between Schwann cells
- Schmidt-Lanterman Clefts: splitting in membranes |
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Microglial Cells Derivation & Functions
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-Derive from mesoderm
-Phagocytose dead neurons -Immune response |
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Ependymal Cells & Tanycytes
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-Ependymal Cells: line brain ventricles (cavities)
-Tanycytes: in 3rd ventricle, contact blood vessels |
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Choroid Plexus
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-Produce cerebral spinalfluid (CSF, filtrate of blood)
-Protects/supports brain -Removes metabolic wastes |
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Epineurium, Perineurium, Endoneurium
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-Epineurium: covers entire named nerve
-Perineurium: surrounds a bundle of nerve fibers -Endoneurium: surrounds individual nerve fiber |
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Nissl Bodies & Chromatolysis
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-Nissl Bodies: free ribosomes & rough ER in a neuron
-Chromatolysis: Nissl bodies disappear, cell is sick/damaged |
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Primary & Secondary Demyelination
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-Primary Demyelination: myelin is first to go
-Secondary Demyelination: axon degenerates first then myelin is lost |
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Plasma (albumins, fibrinogen, immunoglobulins)
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-Plasma: fluid component(92% water, 7% protein)
-Albumins: most abundant protein (50%) -Fibrinogen: clotting factor -Immunoglobulins: 2nd most abundant protein -Also holds hormones, lipids, salts, & waste products |
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Hematocrit
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-Whole blood
-Plasma (55%) -Sedimented red blood cells (45%) -"Buffy coat" (1%, leukocytes & platelets) |
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Erythrocytes
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-Red blood cells
-7.5 um in diameter -Live 120 days -Mature RBCs have no nucleus or organelles |
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Leukocytes
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- White blood cells
- 7.5-20 um in diameter - Outside blood vessels - Functions: phagocytosis & some produce antibodies |
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Primary & Secondary Granules in Leukocytes
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-Primary Granules: all leukoctyes have them
-Secondary Granules: only granulocyte leukocytes have them |
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Neutrophil
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-Granuloctye
-Phagocytose bacteria -First to respond -Most numerous (60-70%) |
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Eosinophils
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-Granulocyte
-Combat parasitic infections, clean antigen-antibody complexes -Stain bright red |
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Basophils
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-Granulocyte
-Leave blood vessels to become mast cells -Have histamine granules to initiate inflammatory response & allergic reactions |
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Lymphocytes
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- Agranulocyte (only contain primary granules)
- B-lymphoctyes & T-lymphocyte - Large (only 4%) & small - Hyperchromatic nucleus in small lymphocytes |
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Monocytes
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-Agranulocyte
-Very good at phagocytosis -Largest leukocyte (3x larger than a RBC) -Leave blood vessels to become macrophages -Give rise to osteoclasts |
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Leukocyte Differential:
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas |
Never: Neutrophils (most)
Let: Lymphocytes Monkeys: Monocytes Eat: Eosinophils Bananas: Basophils (least) |
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Platelets
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-Excess cytoplasm from a megakaryocyte
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Commited Progenitor Cells: Lymphoid, Myeloid, 5 Colony Forming Units
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-Lymphoid: produce lymphocytes
-Myeloid: become monocytes or neutrophils -5 Colony Forming Units: 1. Basophils 2. Eosinophils 3. Granulocyte-Macrophage 4. Megakaryocyte 5. Erythroid |
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Hematopoeitic Growth Factors: CFU, Erythrophoietin, Thrombopoitin, Interleukens
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-CFU: colony stimulating growth factors
-Erythrophoietin: stimulates RBC production -Thromoboitin: produces platelets -Interleukens: like hormones, stimulate leukocyte (WBC) production |
