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331 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Invertebrates...
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Lack vertebrae or a backbone.
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Protozoa are?
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One celled organisms that also lack a backbone Ex.) Amoeba
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Protozoans are in what kingdom?
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Kingdom Protista
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Metazoa are?
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Two or more celled animals.
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Metazoans are in what kingdom?
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Kingdom Animalia
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How many Metazoans are described?
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About 1 million described.
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How many of all animals described are invertebrates and how many are vertebrates?
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98% of all animals are invertebrates
2% of all animals are vertebrates |
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What is a phylum?
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The species share or have similar body plans. (Bauplan)
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How many phyla of invertebrates are there?
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35 phyla
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Of the 305 parasites how many are invertebrates?
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All of them
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Most of the 35 phyla of invertebrates are marine. T or F?
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True
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Why study invertebrates? (12)
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1.) Biodiversity
2.) Physiology 3.) Fertilization, embryology 4.) Genetics 5.) Diseases, parasites 6.) Chemical, bioactive compounds 7.) Mutual symbiosis 8.) Introduced species 9.) Agriculture (Mariculture) 10.) Food web 11.) Bioindicators 12.) Biocontrol agents |
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A lot of research deals with invertebrates first before going large scale. T or F?
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True
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What is evolution?
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A genetic change over time from common ancestors.
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Because of evolution then the 35 phyla of invertebrates are?
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Successful invertebrates
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Invertebrates have been around for millions of years. How do we know?
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Fossil record
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A fossil record is?
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Evidence of pre-existing life
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Hard inverts have a ________ fossil record.
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Good fossil record Ex.) Corals
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Soft inverts have a _______ fossil record.
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Poor fossil record Ex.) Jellyfish
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The Metazoa fossil record goes back?
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680 million years
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When did Cambrian Explosion occur?
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510 - 544 million years ago
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What happened in Cambrian Explosion?
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Rapid diversification of body plans
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Ever since the Cambrian no new _______ ever developed?
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Phylum, even after some went extinct, nothing new ever evolved to fill those niches.
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Why is the Burgess Shale important? (3)
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1.) Fossil record
2.) All phyla represented there 3.) More diverse body plans |
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The Linnaean systematics or tradition systematics was developed by?
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Carolus Linnaeus
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The Linnaean classification system was the first ever classification system in science. T or F?
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True
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The Linnaean classification system is a binomial system of nomenclature made in?
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1758
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The Linnaean classification system is a binomial system of nomenclature which is?
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A unique assignment of 2 names to every organism
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The Linnaean classification system has two unique names given to organisms which are?
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Generic name and specific name
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The assignment of 2 names to every living organism is given is extant (Living) and?
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Extinct organisms
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The generic name is?
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The genus name which is always capitalized.
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The specific name is?
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The species name which is always lower case.
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In the Linnaean classification system it has groups that are nested within groups. T or F?
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True
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Name the groups of the Linnaean classification system. (7)
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1.) Kingdom
2.) Phylum 3.) Order 4.) Class 5.) Family 6.) Genus 7.) species |
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What is a taxon? (Taxa)
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Organisms in a taxon are more similar to one another than another grouping or taxon.
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Taxa are based on?
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Similarity
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Just because organisms are in the same taxon does not mean they are evolved from the same thing. T or F?
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True
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Homologous characters are?
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Common ancestry, similar characters due to a common evolutionary origin.
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Organisms may resemble each other for a number of reasons, name them, (2)
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1.) These organisms could have homologous characters
2.) Or due to convergence |
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What is convergence?
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Organisms come from different ancestors but developed features that look alike because they faced similar environmental pressures.
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Don't go by resemblance ask why an organism belongs to a group. T or F?
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True
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What are the problems with the Linnaean classification system? (4)
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1.) Not based on research but beliefs
2.) Can't tell homologous characters and features developed through convergence 3.) Based on resemblance 4.) Human imposed system, so it's very arbitrary |
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Another system was developed other than the Linnaean system. What was it?
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Phylogenetic systematics or cladistics
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Phylogenetic systematics or cladistics are based on?
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Evolutionary relationships
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Evolutionary relationships in the phylogenetic or cladistics systematics determine?
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Who are descendants, and who are the ancestors
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The phylogenetic or cladistics systematics was developed by?
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Willi Hennig
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Phylogenetic or cladistics systematics, show evolutionary relationships by using?
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Cladograms
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What are cladograms?
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Branching diagrams to show evolutionary relationships
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What is a clade?
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A branch
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Cladograms use both?
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Morphological and anatomical features.
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Morphological features are?
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Physical features
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Anatomical features are?
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Inside features
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A node on a cladogram shows?
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Genetic divergence
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The differences in organisms are due to?
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Genes
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For every tree (Cladogram) there is probably...
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Thousands of other trees
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What are synapomorphic characters?
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Characters that define a clade (Branch). They can be morphological, anatomical, or genetic.
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A monophyletic taxon is?
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A cladogram (Or just one branch - clade) consisting of an ancestor and all descendants
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A paraphyletic taxon is?
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A cladogram (Or clade) in which member species are all descendants of a common ancestor but not all species are shown or contained on the cladogram
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Invertebrates are a paraphyletic taxon because?
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The group does not include vertebrates that descended from invertebrates.
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A cladogram can have one branch "blown up" to show more features and groups in-depth. T or F?
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True
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What is a plesiomorphic character?
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A character that is present on a cladogram but doesn't define the clades, this is because all if the clades have this character so it is not specific.
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What is parsiomony?
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This is when a cladogram is designed with the less possible steps involved.
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Why do we use parsiomony?
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We assume this is how evolution happened, with less steps.
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Does evolution follow parsiomony?
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No one really knows if evolution goes from less steps but from the little evidence gathered evolution probably did not go from less steps.
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What does a empty box indicate on a cladogram?
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A character that is lost
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Phylum Porifera has how many living species?
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5,500 living species
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How many of the species in Phylum Porifera are freshwater?
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150 species
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The phylum Porifera has adopted to living on?
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Hard substrates
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Can phylum Porifera live all depths?
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Yes, but a majority of species live in shallow water.
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Where is the highest diversity of sponges?
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Coral reefs
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What height can sponges get up to?
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2 meters
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Where are the biggest sponges found?
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The Caribbean and Antarctica
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In Antarctica sponges make up how much of the biomass?
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75%
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Are sponges the simplest Metazoans?
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Yes
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Sponges have no fixed?
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Body shape
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Sponges were not recognized as animals until?
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1765
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Where were sponges placed and thought of before they were classified as Porifera?
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People thought sponges were plants and placed them in Cnidaria.
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When were sponges finally placed in there own phyla?
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The mid 1880's
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Do sponges have a good fossil record?
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Yes about 586 million years ago
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of sponges? (5)
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1.) Sponges are sessile
2.) Organized around a system of pores, passageways, and chambers which water flows continually 3.) Have a skeleton of spicules that support their body 4.) Possess specialized cell types that perform various functions 5.) Are totipotent |
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What is sessile?
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Permanently attached to substrate and immobile. (They have no cells devoted to it.)
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Sponges use there system of pores, passage ways, and chambers for? (4)
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1.) Food
2.) Gas exchange (Fresh oxygen) 3.) Release gametes 4.) Remove digestive waste and excretory wastes |
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Sponges don't have both these systems.
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Digestive system and respiratory system
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What are spicules?
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Calereous (Contain calcium carbonate) or silicious formations that serve as support.
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What are some common shapes of spicules? (3)
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1.) Triton shaped
2.) Linear shaped 3.) Pinwheel shaped |
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Cytology is?
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The study of cells
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What is the mesohyl?
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Nonliving, middle gelatinous layer of sponges
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What is mesohyl made of?
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Gelatinous protein mix
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Class Calcaria has what type of spicules?
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Calcareous (calcium carbonate)
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Class Hexactinellida are ________ that have? (4)
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Glass sponges
1.) Spicules are siliceous 2.) 6 rayed 3.) Deep water |
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Class Demospongie have? (5)
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1.) Spicules are siliceous
2.) Not 6 rayed 3.) Marine and freshwater 4.) At all depths 5.) 95% of species |
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What are the specialized cell types that sponges possess? (5)
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1.) Pinacocytes
2.) Porocytes 3.) Choanocytes 4.) Sclerocytes 5.) Archeocytes |
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What are pinacocytes?
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Cells on the outer level of the sponge. (Or surface)
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When the pinacocytes make a layer it is called?
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The pinacoderm.
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The pinacoderm is how thick?
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It is one cell layer thick.
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What class does not have pinacocytes?
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Class Hexactinellida
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What do pinacocytes at the bottom of a sponge do?
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Secrete a "sticky material" to anchor them to the hard substrate.
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Porocytes are? (3)
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1.) Donut shaped cells
2.) Make up openings called ostium (Ostia plural) 3.) Can change diameter of ostium |
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An ostium is?
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An in-current pore that water flows in
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Why can a ostium change diameter?
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So it can regulate water flow
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The order of water flow in very simple sponges go from?
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Ostium -> spongocoel -> osculum
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What is spongocoel?
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Flagellated chambers
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What is an osculum?
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Bigger pores water exits from
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What are choanocytes?
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Flagelllated cells that line the spongocoel or chambers.
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A layer of choanocytes makes the?
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Choanoderm
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Choanocytes are used to? (3)
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1.) For water circulation - passes it's own weight in water every 5 secs
2.) Capture food particles 3.) Capture sperm |
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What are sclerocytes?
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Cells that produce spicules
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What are archeocytes?
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Undifferentiated cells (Have no specialty) that are totipotent.
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What is totipotent?
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Can transform into any other specialized cell type within a organism. (This case sponges)
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Once a archeocyte picks a cell type...
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It can't go back or change after that.
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Archeocytes go into the mesohyl to?
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Capture and digest food particles. (Intracellular)
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Archeocytes also phagocytize which is?
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Getting rid of what ever need to be "thrown out" (Or just gotten rid of)
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A distinguishing character of a sponge is it's totipotency. T or F?
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True
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Since a sponges cells are totipotent...
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It's cells can differentiate into what it needs.
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Between the pinacoderm and choanoderm is the?
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Mesohyl
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The mesohyl is not "live" but it contains?
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Live cells and collagen (Structural protein)
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What is spongin?
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A fiberous protein, that makes sponges "squeezable" and absorbent.
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What are spongocytes?
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Cells in the mesohyl that makes spongin
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Why are sponges successful?
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1.) Abundant, common, and widespread
2.) Morphological simplicity 3.) Ability to regenerate |
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Does complexity equal success?
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No
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The ability to regenerate in sponges is due to?
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Cell aggregation
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What is cell aggregation?
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The ability to recognize themselves and form again.
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The ability to regenerate in sponges is attributed to?
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Archeocytes
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For regeneration to occur in sponges what must be present in the environment?
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Ca 2+, Mg 2+, requires a lot of minerals for regeneration, and have to have the presence of macromolecules.
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Sponges have no...
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Tissues or organs
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Why are sponges brightly colored?
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Symbiotic algae and bacteria
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The symbiotic algae is?
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Zooxanthellae
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The pigment granules are from?
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Archeocytes
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The coloration on sponges represent?
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Warning coloration
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This warning coloration is from?
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Natural selection
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What do the bioactive compounds of sponges do? (5)
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1.) Isolate and deter predation
2.) Competition for space 3.) Medical applications 4.) Healing and health 4.) Antiviral compounds |
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The first "marine drugs" ever created were?
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Acyclovir - drug that treats herpes
AZT - drug that helps treat AIDS |
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The morphological types of sponges reflects?
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The degree of envagination of choanoderm. (Based on surface area. The more surface area the more choanocytes.)
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What are the 3 morphological types of sponges?
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1.) Asconoid
2.) Syconoid 3.) Leuconoid |
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Sponges that have asconoid morphology are? (4)
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1.) Simple with large central cavity
2.) Pinacoderm has no folding 3.) Small 4.) Water flow is from ostia -> flagellated spongocoel -> osculum |
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Why are sponges with the asconoid morphology small?
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Imposes size limitations, an increase in the volume of spongocoel, is not accompanied by an increase in the surface area of choanoderm.
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Sponges that have syconoid morphology are? (6)
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1.) More complex than asconoid morphology
2.) Pinacoderm has finger like projections that increase surface area 3.) Incurrent canals 4.) Volume of spongocoel decreases 5.) Water flow: ostia lining incurrent canals -> flagellated radial (Round) canals -> reduced spongocoel -> osculum 6.) Can fit more choanocytes than asconoid morphology |
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Envaginations on the pinacoderm side create?
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Incurrent canals
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Sponges that have leuconoid morphology are? (4)
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1.) Highest degree of pinacoderm folding (Folding shows on the inside)
2.) Radial canals transformed into small, round flagellated chambers 3.) Volume of spongocoel highly reduced or not at all 4.)Water flow: Ostia -> Incurrent canals -> prosoplyes -> flagellated chambers -> excurrent canals -> osculum |
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If the folding is inside the leuconoid morphology, where are the in-current canals?
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In-current canals branched inside.
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In a leuconoid sponge the ex-current canal is lined with?
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The pinacoderm
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How does water flow in a asconoid sponge?
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Ostia -> flagellated spongocoel -> osculum
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How does water flow in a syconoid sponge?
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Ostia lining in-current canals -> flagellated radial (Round) canals ->reduced spongocoel -> Osculum
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How does water flow in a leuconoid sponge?
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Ostia -> in-current canals -> prosoplyles -> flagellated chambers -> ex-current canals -> osculum
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What is prosoplyles?
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Openings to the flagellated chambers in a leuconoid sponge.
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Most sponges are what morphology?
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Leuconoid
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Morphology is related to sponge diversity. T or F?
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True
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Class Calcarea has what types of morphology?
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All 3 types, asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid. This is the only group with asconoid.
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Class Hexactinellida has what types of morphology?
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Syconoid and leuconoid
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Class Denospongiae has what types of morphology?
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Leuconoid
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The water flows the fastest in leuconoid sponges where?
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The osculum (5.1 m/s), then the ostia (.0057 m/s), and finally the flagellated chambers. (8.69 x 10^-4)
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There is only one osculum. T or F?
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True
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What cells are responsible for the majority of water flow?
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Choanocytes
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About how much water flow is from the currents?
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20-25% of water flow
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Sponges don't have nerve cells so they can't react very quickly to stimuli. T or F?
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True
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How long could it take to close an ostia then?
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Up to ten minutes
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Sponges can reproduce both?
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Asexually and sexually
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How do sponges reproduce asexually?
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Fragmentation
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What is fragmentation?
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Fresh water sponges form gemmules. Usually this happens in unfavorable conditions, then when conditions are favorable again the gemmule opens and can create a sponge anew.
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What is a gemmule?
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Little "package" with archeocytes inside it.
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How do sponges reproduce sexually?
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Sponges are sequentially hermaphroditic.
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What is sequentially hermaphroditic?
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Can produce both eggs and sperm, but at different times.
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What is a choanocytes role in sexual reproduction?
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The choanocyte makes the sperm and then catches it, then the sperm is delivered to the eggs in the mesohyl.
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What makes the eggs of the sponges?
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From choanocytes or archeocytes
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Phylum Cnidaria has how many species?
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About 11,000
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How many of phylum Cnidaria's species are freshwater?
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.2% freshwater
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What is the smallest cnidarian?
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The hydroids
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What are the largest living inverts in the world and what phyla?
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Phylum Cnidaria, corals
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The phylum Cnidaria has a fossil record of how many years?
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600,000 years
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Cnidaria? (6)
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1.) Possess two embryonic tissue layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm (Diplastic)
2.) Between epidermis and gastrodermis is mesoglea 3.) Have radial symmetry 4.) Have 2 morphological forms 5.) Tentacles 6.) Possess stinging cells |
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Diplastic is?
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Has two embryonic tissue layers, the ectoderm and endoderm.
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Explain how an "embryo" evolves in Class Cnidaria.
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Diploid zygote -> (Cleavage) -> 8 cell stage (Made of blastomeres) -> (Cleavage) -> Blastula (Hollow ball of cells one cell layer thick, or full of cells) -> (Gastrulation) -> Gastrula
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Once a gastrula forms, what else forms?
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1.) Embryonic tissue layers form
2.) Archenteron (Embryonic gut) |
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What is the ectoderm?
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Outer most layer (Body wall of grastrula)
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In an adult the ectoderm turns into?
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The epidermis and nervous system
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What is the endoderm?
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Inner most layer, that lines the archenteron.
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In an adult the endoderm turns into?
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The gastrodermis (gut lining), associated digestive organs, and lungs.
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Cnidarians do not have ________ but all animals after them do.
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Mesoderm
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What is the mesoderm?
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Middle layer (If possessed in the middle of ecto and endo layer)
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What does the mesoderm turn into?
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It turns into musculature, bones, and circulatory system mesentaries.
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When an animal possesses all three layers it is called?
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Triploblastic
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Both the epidermis and gastrodermis contain?
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Myoepithelial cells
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Myoepithelial cells contain?
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Myonemes
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Myonemes are?
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Contractile elements, this helps movement since there is no true musculature.
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The epidermis contains?
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Sensory cells, cnidocytes, gland cells, and interstitial cells.
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What are interstitial cells?
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Like archeocytes, can change to any cell type.
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What is the mesoglea?
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Provides shape/form (Hydrostatic skeleton) and aids in movement in the medusa stage.
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The mesoglea is non-living but has?
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Cells in it, they aid in transport of materials and can store food.
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What is radial symmetry?
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Arrangement of body parts around a central axis.
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Radial symmetry also makes cnidarians have? (5)
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1.) Lack cephalization
2.) Arrangement of tentacles and sensory receptors around mouth or bell margin. 3.) Oral - aboral axis 4.) Can sense environment from every direction 5.) Nerve net |
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What is cephalization?
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A definite head or important things in grouped in head
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Since cnidarians can sense environment from every direction they can...
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Collect food and sense external stimuli from every direction
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What is a nerve net?
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Can transmit messages all over, not unidirectional.
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What are the two morphological forms of cnidarians?
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Polyp and medusa
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Describe a polyp morphology. (4)
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1.) Attached to a substrate aborally. (Oral or mouth pointing up.)
2.) Cylindrical with tentacles around mouth 3.) Thin layer of mesoglea 4.) Hard skeleton |
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Describe the medusa morphology. (4)
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1.) Free swimming with oral surface facing downward.
2.) Saucer or bell shaped with tentacles at or near margin. 3.) Thick mesoglea 4.) Absent skeleton - soft body |
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The tentacles of cnidarians differ in location.
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Polyp - Around mouth
Medusa - Bell margin |
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How many opening to the gastrovascular cavity is there in cnidarians?
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One
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Cnidarians lack an?
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Anus
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What do cnidarians eat?
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Carnivores, plankton
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Where does the digestion take place in cnidarians?
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The gastrovascular cavity (GVC) which is extracellular.
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What helps in the digestion of cnidarians?
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Enzymes turn food into a "soupy broth" then the cilia help move food around for digestion.
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Whatever is not digested is?
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Spit back out through the mouth.
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The stinging cells of cnidarians is a very important?
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Taxonomic character
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What are cnidocytes (Cnidae)?
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They are the stinging cells of cnidarians, they are the most common nematocyst. (Kind of stinging cell)
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In hydrozoa and jellyfish each cnidocyte has a?
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Cnidocil which is absent in Anthozoa
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What is a cnidocil?
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A hard protrusion from the stinging cell, it is thought that it may have something to do with touching it to start stinging mechanism.
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How are these cnidocytes discharged?
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There is a rapid change in osmotic pressure. Water will go into the capsule to try to balance out both sides, because of the Ca 2+ that goes in the stinging cell, but this causes the pressure to increase. Shooting the stinging cell out.
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All metazoans have what?
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Some form of movement, even if only in developmental stages.
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Reduced body density or a gelatinous body helps in?
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Movement
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What is muscle contraction?
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Acts against a rigid or soft body structure.
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What does a skeleton do?
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Maintains shape, supports, and protects body.
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An endoskeleton is?
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Internal, usually has a tissue layer that protects it in cnidarians.
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A exoskeleton is present in what?
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Arthropods and muluscuva
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What is a hydrostatic skeleton?
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It is a fluid based (Usually water) system. Is is a fluid filled space that retains a constant volume in which muscles can operate.
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The hydrostatic skeleton creates pressure that can be used for?
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Movement
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Why is water or fluid good as structural support or skeleton?
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It is in-compressible.
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Muscles are controlled by?
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Myoepithelial cells
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A polyp's hyrdrostatic skeleton helps with?
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Keeping it upright and rigid. It could also close and it's oral disk and contract and then be able to use the pressure to move a tentacle. (Very limited movement.)
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A medusa's hydrostatic skeleton helps with?
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When mesoglea is squeezed with muscle, it will spring back into place, which can produce movement.
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What are the four classes of Phylum Cnidaria?
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1.) Hydrozoa
2.) Scyphozoa 3.) Cubozoa 4.) Anthozoa |
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Did the poly or medusa come first?
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There are two theories based on this, the medusa theory and the polyp theory.
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What is the medusa theory?
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The ancestral condition was a planula-like (Larvae stage) organism, that developed tentacles. After may strobilate into modern medusa. (So medusa first then polyp.)
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What is the polyp theory?
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The polyp is ancestral, the medusa is a derived dispersal stage that evolved independently in the cubozoans and scyphozoans. (So polyp first then medusa.)
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Class Hydrozoa is the _______ of the cnidarians and can be considered to be ________.
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Smallest, plant-like
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What is the dominant morphological form in Hydrozoa?
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Polyp
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Hydrozoa are mostly...
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Colonial
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What is colonial in hydrozoans?
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Physically connected to each other, all share a gastrovascular cavity. (GVC)
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How do hydrozoans reproduce?
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Asexually by budding.
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Hydrozoans have a very high degree of?
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Polymorphism
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What is polymorphism?
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When one polyp can do one thing while another can do another job.
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What are the three polymorphic types?
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Gastrozooids, gonozooids, and dactylozooids.
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What is a gastrozooid?
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Feeding polyps, only polymorphic type with a mouth.
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What is a gonozooid?
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Reproductive polyps, they produce medusae, which will eventually bud off and swim away. Medusae can also be released or retained. Also lacks a mouth.
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What are dactylozooids?
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Defense polyps, that also lack a mouth.
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A colony of hydrozoans...
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Are not "individuals," -zooids are essentially identical.
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Hydrozoans medusa form is called?
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Hydromedusae
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What do hydromedusae have that other classes don't have?
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A velum
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What is a velum?
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Attached to bell margin and goes into the center. Water is expelled with a greater force because of the velum.
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What is a manubrium?
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An extension of the gastrovascular cavity.
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Where is the mouth if a manubrium is present?
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Mouth is at the end of manubrium
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Ocellus are?
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"Eyes" of the hydromedusae
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Where are these ocellus attached?
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To the bell margin right at the start of tentacle.
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What is the exception in the hydrozoans?
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The Portuguese man-of-war
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Why is the Portuguese man-of-war different? (2)
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1.) It is not a medusa, it is a floating colony.
2.) No polymorphism |
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What keeps the Portuguese man-of-war floating?
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Pneumatophore
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What is a pneumatophore?
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It is a "gas" (CO2) chamber.
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The Portuguese man-of-war has what polymorphic types of a polyp?
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All of the polymorphic types on one.
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Can you still be stung by a Portuguese man-of-war even after this polyp is washed up on shore?
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Yes
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Class Scyphozoa have how many species?
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200 species
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Class Scyphozoa is only...
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Marine
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What stage is dominant in Class Scyphozoa?
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The medusa form
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Class Scyphozoa's medusa form is called?
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Scyphomedusae
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Scyphomedusae have?
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No velum and manubrium with oral arms. (Very "frilly")
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Scyphomedusae have _________ genders.
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Seperate
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There is ________ fertilization then? (5)
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1.)External fertilization
2.) Planula larval stage in which the planula find a spot to "settle down" 3.) Develops into a polyp (Scyphistoma) 4.) After this polyp is formed they may strobilate, that results in "disks" (Ephyra) that pop off. (End of polyp - Scyphistoma) 5.) Ephyra will eventually develop into a medusa |
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The polyp stage of scyphozoan is called?
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Scyphistoma
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What is strobilization?
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A transverse fission (Cross-section)
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Ephyra are what size?
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Very small (Millimeters)
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Class Cubozoa species are all...
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Marine
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Class Cubozoa have species such as...
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Box jellyfish and sea wasps
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The tentacles of cubozoans are?
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In fours
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Where are these cubozoans located?
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Indo-west pacific, such as Indonesia and the tropics
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The sting of the cubozoans can be?
|
Lethal to humans
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The eyes of the cubozoans is the most?
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Complex in all the invertebrates.
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Why are the eyes of the cubozoans the most complex?
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Can deflect light and form images and have 11,000 -12,000 sensory
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Cubozoans have the unique ability to?
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Hunt prey because of there very strong eye sight.
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Cubozoans do not have a?
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Velum
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How do cubozoans make up for not having a velum?
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They have a inward curved bell that gives greater expulsion of water.
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The polyp stage of the cubozoans does not undergo?
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Strobilization
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Class Anthozoa is the ________ class of the cnidarians.
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Largest
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How many species are in Class Anthozoa?
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About 6000 species
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What are some species examples in Class Anthozoa?
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Sea anemones, hard corals, soft corals, and sea pansies.
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Class Anthozoa has an exclusive?
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Polyp form
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Anthozoans polyp form can also be?
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Solitary or colonial
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Anthozoans do not have...
|
Polymorphism in their colonial polyp form
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Since anthozoans are not polymorphic...
|
Each member has the ability to feed and everything else.
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Anthozoans have...
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Septa
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Septa are?
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Infolded gastrodermis, they are like layers extending upward
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In a sea anemone, what is a pedal disk?
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This is what touches the substrate.
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In a sea anemone, what is a column?
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The body
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In a sea anemone, what is on the top of the column?
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Oral disk
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In a sea anemone, the edge of the oral disk is surrounded?
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By tentacles
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In a sea anemone, what is a siphonoglyph?
|
A ciliated groove in gastrovascular cavity that provides a way for water to enter.
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In a sea anemone, how many siphonoglyphs are there?
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1 or 2
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In a sea anemone, why is it important for water to get into the gastrovascular cavity from the siphonoglyph?
|
So the gastrovascular cavity can act as the hydrostatic skeleton, can deflate as well.
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Sea anemone's are...
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Territorial
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Since sea anemone's are territorial they will...
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Discharge filament studded with stinging cells, that shoot from their body.
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What are the sea anemone's stinging cells called?
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Acrohagi
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Coral are...
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Any polyp that lays down CaCO3. (Calcite)
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Most coral are in...
|
Anthozoa, the only other group is in Hydrozoa but they are termed hydrocoral.
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Coral secrete _______ from _______ where they are touching the substrate.
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CaCO3, epidermal cells
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After attached to the substrate coral...
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Build vertical sheets from base
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What are the vertical sheets called?
|
Sclerosepta
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Sclerosepta are not present in?
|
Hydrocorals
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Corals lack?
|
Siphonoglyphs
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Why don't coral need siphonoglyphs?
|
There bodies are made from CaCO3, so there is no need to "inflate."
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Dinoflagellates that live symbiotically with coral are?
|
Zooxanthellae
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|
Dinoflagellates may have flagella but if they live symbiotically with coral then?
|
They do not have flagella
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Zooxanthellae are in which cells of the coral?
|
Gastrodermis cells
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Corals have two forms of feeding, which are?
|
Photosynthesis, and things that get caught in their tentacles.
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Corals use these two ways to get food because usually the are around them is?
|
Nutrient deprived
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The zooxanthellae use photosynthesis which?
|
Gives off glucose and oxygen
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The corals then?
|
Use the glucose and produce waste products.
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The waste products?
|
Are like "nitrogen packets" that the zooxanthellae can use.
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|
|
Both exchange different compounds with each other in which they both?
|
Benefit
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|
When both organisms benefit it is called?
|
Mutualism
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|
|
How are coral reefs formed? (8)
|
1.) The symbiosis facilitates carbonate deposition
2.) CO2 and H20 make carbonic acid (Corals want this reaction so facilitated by carbonic anhydrasa) 3.) The carbonic acid breaks down 4.) Then bonds with Ca2+ 5.) The resulting calcium bicarbonate is unstable and breaks down 6.) The products when the calcium bicarbonate breaks down is CO2, H2O, and CaCO3 7.) The CaCO3 is somehow "impregnated" into coral tissues 8.)The CaCO3 is left when the corals die |
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|
The zooxanthellae use ______ when the calcium carbonate breaks down?
|
They use the CO2 so it drives the reaction forward to make more
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|
|
Hematypic corals are?
|
Reef building coral, hard coral
|
|
|
Hematypic corals have?
|
A calcium carbonate skeleton that they leave behind when they die.
|
|
|
Ahermatypic coral is?
|
Soft corals
|
|
|
Ahermatypic coral have?
|
Scattered CaCO3 crystals in tissues called spicules, but they do not leave a major source of CaCO3 behind.
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|
|
What do ahermatypic corals lack?
|
Zooxanthellae
|
|
|
If a coral can bend it's column then it's an?
|
Ahermatypic coral
|
|
|
What algae have CaCO3 in their wall?
|
Calcareous algae Ex.) Coralline algae (Red)
|
|
|
Boring inverts are?
|
Organisms that burrow holes in reef
|
|
|
How much does a reef grow a year?
|
A couple of centimeters
|
|
|
Reef growth is facilitated by?
|
Submarine lithification and biological erosion
|
|
|
What is submarine lithification?
|
Depostition of CaCO3
|
|
|
Biological erosion is?
|
Reef getting destroyed slowly.
|
|
|
What causes biological erosion?
|
Boring organisms, worms, crustaceans, bivalves, thunderstorms, and hurricanes.
|
|
|
What happens to the reef when exposed to biological erosion? (3)
|
1.) The reef is "attacked" and turned into rubble.
2.) Rubble then accumulates so much that it causes boring organisms to get smothered and boring stops 3.) Planula larva then settle on rubble and various crevices and acquire zooxanthellae |
|
|
Could some parts of the reef be rebuilding while other parts are being made into rubble?
|
Yes
|
|
|
A reef makes a great habitat but how many species are supported from reefs?
|
93,000 species
|
|
|
Reefs are being destroyed at huge rates. T or F?
|
True
|
|
|
What are some factors that are affecting the reef? (8)
|
1.) Introduced species
2.) Diseases 3.) Pollution 4.) Fishing by dynamite 5.) Rock mining 6.) Aquarium trade 7.) Ocean acidification 8.) Deforestation |
|
|
Give an example of an introduced species destroying a reefs.
|
In the Pacific, there is a Crown of Thorns sea star that feeds on corals. The predator for this sea star has been somehow removed so the sea star thrives and is very abundant.
|
|
|
Give some examples of diseases that effect coral.
|
Black band disease, Dark spot disease, and white band disease.
|
|
|
Why does pollution effect coral reefs?
|
Excess nutrients makes algae grow, which then smothers the coral.
|
|
|
Deforestation can effect coral reefs by?
|
Loose soil smothers coral
|
