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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a number with an attached unit found using an instrument
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measurement
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two things matter must have
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mass and volume
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measure of the planet's gravitational attraction for an object
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weight
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space object occupies
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volume
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amount of mass per unit volume of a substance
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density
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the ability to be drawn into a wire
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ductility
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ability to be hammered and shaped
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malleability
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temperature at which a substance turns from a solid to a liquid
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melting point
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temperature at which a substance turns from a liquid to a gas
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boiling point
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what determines the state of matter of a substance?
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energy and movement of particles
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the state of matter that consists of ionized gases at extremely high temperatures
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plasmas
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state of matter that has the least amount of particle motion
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solids
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state of matter that has its particles held together, but can still move around
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liquid
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where do plasmas occur?
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sun and stars
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the amount of heat required to bring about a given change in temperature
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specific heat
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units for specific heat?
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cal/(g* C)
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equation of specific heat?
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m/\Tc=H
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formula for density?
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mass/volume
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what must be added or released in order for a phase change to occur?
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energy
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the phase change that occurs when a liquid turns to a solid?
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freezing
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the phase change that occurs when a gas turns into a liquid?
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condensation
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the phase change that occurs when a gas turns into a solid?
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deposition
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which of the phase changes release energy?
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freezing, condensation, deposition
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what happens to the temperature of a substance during a phase change?
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no change
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amount of heat required to melt or freeze one gram of a substance
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heat of fusion
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amount of heat requred to evaporate or condense one fram of a substance at the normal boiling point
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heat of vaporization
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Hv of water?
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+/- 334 J/g
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5 indicators of a chemical change?
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color, odor, energy, formation of a gas, formation of a precipitate
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residue found as a result of a chemical reaction
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precipitate
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how can you tell if a gas was formed?
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fizzing or bubbling, sometimes odor change
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heat must be added to _____ bonds
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break
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an __________ reaction releases enrgy (more energy is given off than had to be added)
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exothermic
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an ___________ reaction feels colder to the touch
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endothermic
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two types of pure substances
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compounds and elements
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classification of matter that cannot be separated
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element
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do the pieces that make up a compound have the same properties as the compound?
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no
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classifications of matter that can be mixed in any proportions
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mixtures
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what are the subatomic particles
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protons (+) neutrons (o) electrons (-)
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which subatomic particles make up the nucleus?
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protons and neutrons
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protons determine what?
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element identity and atomic number
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neutrons determine?
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mass of atom
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neutrons are appx the same size as which other subatomic particle?
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proton
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number of protons + the number of neutrons = ?
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mass number
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electrons are located inside/outside the nucleus?
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outside
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electrons demtermine what?
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the charge of atoms
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an atom with an electrical charge
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ion
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in a neutral ion, electrons _____ protons
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equal
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ions are formed by what?
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gaining or losing electrons
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losing electrons means positive ion is formed, what is this called?
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cation
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gaining electrons means negative ion is formed, what is this called?
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anion
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protons minus electrons equals what?
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charge of ion
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atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers
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isotopes
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isotopes are caused by what?
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different numbers of neutrons
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most elements are what?
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mixutres or isotopes with different abundances
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neutral isotopes: name
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ex magnesium 25
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cations: name
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ex strontium 89
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anions: name
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ex phosphide-32
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calcuation of atomic mass
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MAADD: multiply across, add down, divide by 100
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how are the elements arranged in the modern periodic table?
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similar physical and chemical properties
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what scientist is credited with the creating of the first periodic table?
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dmitri medeleev
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why are elements arranged in groups?
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they share physical and chemical properties
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the horizontal rows of the periodic table are called what?
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periods
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the verticle columns of the periodic table are called what?
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groups/families
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where are the metals found in the periodic table?
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left side of periodc table, from IA-IIIA or left of zigzag line
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Group IA
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alkali metals
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Group IIA
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alkaline earth metals
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Groups IIIB to IIB
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transition metals
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Group VIIA
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halogens
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Group VIIIA
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noble gases
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the two rows of elements at the bottom of the periodic table are?
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inner transition metals
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four properties of metals?
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shiny, high melting points, good heat/electricity conductors, form cations (+)
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where are the nonmetals found on the periodic table?
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right of zigzag line
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four properties of nonmentals?
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dull, good insulators, low melting points, form anions (-)
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elements that have some properties of metals and some properties of nonmetals are called?
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metalloids
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where are the metalloids located on the periodic table?
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touch zig zag line except for aluminum
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elements that are mandmade
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synthetic elements
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the only two synthetic elements between 1 and 92?
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technetium and promethium
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how can you tell if an element is radioactive?
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parentheses
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the only nonmetal located to the left of the zigzag line?
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hydrogen
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elements that exist in pairs
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diatomic elements
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diatomic elements? name them. (7)
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H2, O2, Br2, I2, N2, F2, Cl2
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what is chemistry?
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the science dealing with the compostion, structure, properties, and reactions of matter.
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composed of electrons and positive ions at very high temperatures
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plasmas
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higher specific heat, harder/easier it is to heat
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harder
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specific heat of water
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4.184 J/g C
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specific heat of ice
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2.03 J/g C
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specific heat of steam
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2.01 J/g C
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mass of a given volume of a substance
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density
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study of heat associated with changes in matter
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thermochemistry
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when a bond breaks, heat is _______
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absorbed (add energy)
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when a bond is formed, heat is ________
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released (energy taken away)
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energy change formula?
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bond breaking energy plus bond forming energy
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Dmitri grouped elements according to:
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similar properties
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Dmitri ordered elements by:
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increasing atomic weight
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Dmitri left blanks for:
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undiscovered elements
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Periodic table revised by?
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henry moseley
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Moseley grouped elements by:
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similar properties
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Moseley ordered elements by:
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increasing atomic #
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Moseley left blanks for:
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undiscovered numbers
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Moseley is credited with developing?
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the modern periodic table
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the modern periodic table is organized using what?
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the periodic law
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periodic law?
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when elements are arranged by increasing atomic number, their properties repeat periodically
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Alkali metals
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+1 charge, silvery solids, good heat/electricity conductors, low melting points, soft, most reactive of all metals, never found free in nature. react violoently with water. reacts easily with oxygen.
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Alkaline Earth Metals
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+2 charge, peroperties similar to alkali metals, more dense harder and higher melting point and boiling points than alkali metals. less reactive than alkali metals. never found free in nature and often found in earth's crust. ex. limestone--> calcium mixed with other substances
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transition metals
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groups IIIB-IIB, silvery colored except gold and copper, most have high melting points, often form brightly colored compounts (VIBRANT), most are good heat/electricity conductors, used in alloys --> homogenous mixture of metals. often have variable electrical charges, or valances
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halogens
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-1 charge. different states of matter. react w/ other elements to form salts. very reactive and not found free in nature. most are diatomic . poisonous, strong odors (chlorine at pool), different colored. F= yellow gas Cl= greenish/tellow gas I= dark purple solid Br= red/yellow liquid
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noble gases
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don't form ions, don't have charge. don't react with other elements. inert-unreactive. colorless, odorless. glow colorerd light when changed with electricity. neon signs: He-orange, Ar-pink Xe-blue Ne-Red
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11 Gases?
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hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon
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2 liquids?
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mercury and bromine
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elements 93 and up are ??
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manmade
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radioactive elements have unstable nuclei that what?
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break down over time
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the number in the parentheses of a radioactive element is what?
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the most stable isotope
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Metals are ____
nonmetals are _____ metalloids are ______ (heat/electricity conductors/ insulators) |
metals are good conductors
nonmetals are insulators metalloids are either or |
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when are compounds formed?
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when 2 or more atoms join together to form a bond
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bonding occurs between what?
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valence electrons
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compounds occur so that atoms can have what?
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complete valence orbitals
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two types of compounds?
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ionic and covalent
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in ionic compounds, electrons are ___
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transferred between atoms
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in ionic compounds, electrons are transferred from a _____ to a ______
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metal to a nonmetal
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in an ionic compound, a metal gains/loses electrons to form a anion/cation?
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loses to form cation
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in an ionic compound, nonmetals gain/lose electrons for form anion/cations?
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gains electrons to form anions
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a group of atoms bonded together with an overall charge
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polyatomic ion
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in ionic compounds, either atom my be replaced with what?
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a polyatomic ion
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ions are held together by what?
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electrostatic attraction (opposites attract)
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in an ionic compound, electrons transferred must be what?
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equal
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in a covalent compound, electrons are shared between atoms. this occurs between what?
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two non-metals
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contains one single charge metal and one non metal
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binary compound
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a group of elements bonded together that behaves as a single ion with one overall charge
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polyatomic ion
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forms ions with more than one choice of charges
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multivalent metal
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