Exam #1: Endocrine System

Front 1

What do endocrince glands produce?

Back 1

Hormones

Front 2

What are the reproductive actions of estrogen?

Back 2

1. Proliferation of the endometrium during the follicular phase
2. Build up of mammary tissue in the breast during the luteal phase and during pregnancy
3. Increase of muscle cells to the uterus during pregnancy

Front 3

What are the non-reproductive system actions of estrogen?

Back 3

1. decrease fat storage
2. increase activity
3. decrease food intake
4. soften skin/skin resilience
5. Increase bone development and retain calcium in bones
6. Maintains stability of blood pressure

Front 4

What are the target tissues of estrogen and progesterone?

Back 4

Every cell of the body

Front 5

What are the reproductive actions of progesterone?

Back 5

1. Increase fats and glycogen in the endometrial cells
2. Increase mammary gland development
3. Inhibits coordinated contractions of the uterus

Front 6

What are the non-reproductive actions of progesterone?

Back 6

1. Reverses estrogen suppression of fat storage
2. Increases food intake and appetite
3. Decreases coordinated contractions of smooth muscle throughout the body (important during preg)
4. Maintains stability of blood pressure
5. Increases sleepiness

Front 7

How are hormones transported to the posterior pituitary?

Back 7

Axons carry hormones produced by the cell bodies located in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

Front 8

What is the major difference between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?

Back 8

While an exocrine gland is ducted, an endocrine gland is a ductless gland that discharges hormones directly into the bloodstream and the release hormones are transported long distances through the blood to their target tissue where they act

Front 9

What are the two simultaneously present endocrine glands of the pituitary gland?

Back 9

1. The posterior pituitary
2. The anterior pituitary

Front 10

Do the anterior and posterior pituitary glands directly communicate with each other?

Back 10

No

Front 11

What is the tissue that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary?

Back 11

The infindibulum

Front 12

Does the posterior pituitary release hormones?

Back 12

No! It only release hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus

Front 13

What are the two hypothalamic nuclei that produce hormones release by the posterior pituitary?

Back 13

1. Paraventricular Nucleus
2. Supraoptic Nucleus

Front 14

What hormone does the supraoptic nucleus produce?

Back 14

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin

Front 15

What hormone does the paraventricular nucleus produce?

Back 15

Oxytocin

Front 16

What are two things that oxytocin does?

Back 16

1. Stimulates milk let down during breast feeding
2. Stimulates contractions of the uterus

Front 17

What is the primary stimulus for oxytocin release?

Back 17

Sucking of the breast sends a neural signal to the hypothamalus

Front 18

Are oxytocin levels high or low during labor?

Back 18

High, but we don't know if a high level of oxytocin causes labor or is a result of labor

Front 19

What is a synthetic oxytocin that can be used to stimulate labor?

Back 19

Pitocin

Front 20

What does ADH do?

Back 20

Promotes the retention of water by block water loss in urine

Front 21

What are some inhibitors of ADH?

Back 21

Caffeine and alcohol

Front 22

What does Vasopressin do?

Back 22

Increase blood pressure, vasoconstrictor

Front 23

Explain how hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and released in the posterior pituitary

Back 23

Cell bodies in the hypothalamus (specifically the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus) produce the hormone (oxytocin and ADH/ Vasopressin), they leave the cell bodies, travel down the cell axons through the infindibulum and then terminate in the posterior pituitary where those hormones are released into the pituitary and then into the blood stream where they act on their target tissue

Front 24

What is the median eminence?

Back 24

The median eminence is the nucleus at the base of the hypothalamus where releasing hormones enter the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system in order to be transported to the pituitary gland.

Front 25

What is the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system?

Back 25

It is a specialized blood vessel system that transports releasing hormones from the median eminence through the infindibulum to the anterior pituitary

Front 26

What structure produces releasing hormones?

Back 26

The hypothalamus

Front 27

What are hormones that act "toward" a number of endocrine glands around the body controlling the production and release of hormones from these endocrine glands?

Back 27

Tropic hormones

Front 28

What structures produces tropic hormones?

Back 28

The anterior pituitary

Front 29

What is the target tissue of ACTH and what does it do?

Back 29

1. Target tissue: adrenal cortex
2. Controls the production and release of the sex steroids (estrogens, androgens and progesterone), the gluccorticoids and the mineralcorticoids

Front 30

What is the target tissue of TSH and what does it do?

Back 30

1. Target tissue: thyroid gland
2. Controls the production and release of thyroid hormones which control metabolic rate

Front 31

What is the target tissue of GH and what does it do?

Back 31

1. Target tissue: liver, musculature, and skeleton
2. Affects growth rate

Front 32

What is the target tissue of MSH and what does it do?

Back 32

1. Target tissue: melanocytes
2. Affects skin pigmentation

Front 33

What does BLPH do?

Back 33

Precursor from which natural opiates like endorphins are produced

Front 34

What are the two functions of FSH?

Back 34

1. Stimulate the growth of ovarian follicles
2. Works with LH to stimulate ovulation

Front 35

When is FSH most abundant in the menstrual cycle?

Back 35

1. At the beginning of the month
2. At ovulation

Front 36

what does FSH do in men?

Back 36

Stimulates the production of sperm

Front 37

What are the 4 functions of LH?

Back 37

1. Stimulates estrogen production by the ovarian follicle
2. Works with FSH to stimulate ovulation
3. Stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum
4. Stimulates estrogen production by the corpus luteum

Front 38

When is LH most abundant in the menstrual cycle?

Back 38

At ovulation, but generally present all throughout the cycle

Front 39

What does LH do in men?

Back 39

Stimulates the production of testosterone