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99 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Which of the following is a synthetic statement?
Green light means go.
What type of statement is: All bachelors are unmarried men?
Analytic
What is a tautological statement?
BOTH
Ethics & Values is an atheistic or at least an agnostic academic study.
FALSE
Academic knowledge is limited to rational reasoning and empirical evidence.
TRUE
What is an analytic statement?
A tautology

Predicate is contained in the subject.
Analytic statements provide new knowledge at the expense of only being conditionally true.
FALSE
Ethics & Values can only be studied using a divine command or at least a faith based perspective.
FALSE
Which of the following best defines epistemology?
The study of the origin, nature, and limits of knowledge, including its justification.
Synthetic statements provide absolute truths at the expense of not providing new knowledge, i.e., tautological.
FALSE
Which of the following is a analytic statement?
All bachelors are unmarried men.
It is impossible to empirically prove the nonexistence of something.
TRUE
Match the Analytic and Synthetic statements.
1 All bachelors are unmarried men. - Analytic
2 Green light means go. - Synthetic
3 Tautology. - Analytic
4 Absolutely true. - Analytic
5 Conditionally true. - Synthetic
6 Predicate is contained in the subject. - Analytic
7 Predicate is not contained in the subject. - Synthetic
“Survival of the fittest” is either a contradiction to the term “natural selection” or else it becomes a tautology.
TRUE
Evolution that is based on empirical facts can only provide deterministic cause and effect facts.
TRUE
One attractive aspect of evolution is its ability to “observe” not only cause effect relations but also the teleological purposes or ends that those causes serve.
FALSE
For natural selection, which of the following are true?
ALL
Name a philosopher that may have greatly contributed to the nonacceptance of the process of evolution and/or natural selection.
PLATO
Value, purpose, or meaning …
ALL
Which of the following is true?
ALL
Kant, Mill, and Moore all agree that an end cannot be proven, rather they have to be accepted axiomatically as postulates or assumptions.
TRUE
John Stuart Mill argued which of the following?
ALL
G.E. Moore argued that appealing to one or more natural properties, such as pleasure, or preference, and then to claim that those natural properties were entirely the same as “goodness” would be committing the naturalistic fallacy.
TRUE
Richard Dawkins coined the term “meme” (sounds like “gene”) to refer to the cognitive or nonphysical process of natural selection.
TRUE
Who argued that natural selection also occurs with regards to cognitive traditions, values and beliefs?
DAWKINS
Who made the distinction between the non-physical noumenal realm and the physical phenomenal realm?
KANT
Kant argued that even if moral principles are rationally determined, it still could be useful and permissible to consider the principles as empirical laws of nature.
TRUE
Rationalists believe which of the following?
There is a distinction between primary and secondary qualities.


Some knowledge can be known to be true without empirical verification.
Secondary qualities that are caused by sense data are just as deterministic as primary qualities.
TRUE
Sense perceptions, (such as sight, sound, taste, smell, and sight), as experienced in the mind may have little similarity with the real, or objective reality.
TRUE
Mind body dualism is not a misperception according to this text.
FALSE
Primary qualities are all anyone can sensibly perceive.
FALSE
Empiricists believe which of the following?
All knowledge comes from sense experience

There is a distinction between primary and secondary qualities.
If all that people can experience are subjective cognitive experiences, then logically it is impossible for them to experience an objective primary quality as all experiences are defined as being subjective.
TRUE
Most scientists recognize that sense data experiences faithfully represent the causation of such experiences.
FALSE
One serious problem with secondary qualities is that since they are subjective, it follows that they are therefore in relative in relation to other people's experiences.
FALSE
Primary and secondary qualities along with the assumption of freedom, fails to be coherent with Kant's phenomenal deterministic realm and his noumenal realm with his assumption of freedom.
FALSE
Primary and secondary qualities along with the assumption of freedom, fails to be coherent with Mill's distinction between deterministic proofs and his unprovable ultimate ends.
FALSE
The primary and secondary quality distinctions fails to make the connection between the mental experiences of the subject and the physical need of the brain in order to have the experience.
TRUE
Which of the following is true regarding secondary qualities?
Characteristics that exist only when sensed and then only “in the mind” of the one who senses them.


Without minds, there would be none of these qualities.
Which of the following is true regarding primary qualities?
Intrinsic characteristics of a physical object itself.

These qualities are ones that objects would continue to possess even if there were no perceiving beings in the world.
Which of the following are rational arguments against solipsism?
A person cannot experience another’s experiences

Most perceptions are determined

Languages are communal.
What is the tree falling in the forest analogy meant to communicate?
What can be known using subjective experiences.
Solipsism is the problem of the individual being extended into the external world at the expense of the inner world of experience.
FALSE
There is academic agreement about the nature of reality external to experiences.
FALSE
The naive realist believes that secondary qualities are in fact primary qualities.
TRUE
The primary secondary qualities distinction does not detract from the holistic point of view.
FALSE
There are more intersubjective disagreements on the broad and general principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice than agreements.
FALSE
The distinction between primary and secondary qualities can have the consequence of diminishing the reliability of empirical data.
TRUE
The external world is silent and colorless, and the internal world of subjective experiences is often times noisy and colorful.
TRUE
The sophisticated realist believes that although we can only have sense-experience of secondary qualities, the cause(s) of those sense perceptions are in fact real.
TRUE
Which of the following are empirical evidences against solipsism?
Technology interacts with the environment

Natural selection necessitates existence


Empiricism proves existence.
Solipsistic states are not a serious resultant problem with the primary and secondary distinctions.
FALSE
Which of the following is true with regards to the primary and secondary quality distinction?
ALL
What conceptual issues occur with regard to freedom?
ALL
Freedom is a primary quality.
FALSE
Primary qualities are just as deterministic as secondary qualities.
TRUE
Cognitive freedom is intuitively agreeable and practical.
TRUE
If freedom is indeterminable in terms of causation, then free-will would not be falsifiable.
TRUE
Primary and secondary quality distinctions along with the assumption of freedom, fails to address David Hume’s “is-ought” problem.
FALSE
The rejection of hard determinism for freedom is not a rational position.
FALSE
All knowledge must start out with an unprovable first principle, and for Ethics & Values that first principle is freedom.
TRUE
All first principles are provable otherwise they would fail the scientific test of being unfalsifiable.
FALSE
Compatibilism or soft determinism argues which of the following?
ALL 3 EXCEPT

Some effects are not determined.
Behavior modification can only be thought of as a free will activity.
FALSE
Cognitive freedom is compatible with a deterministic empirical phenomenal world.
TRUE
Freedom is simply a random axiom or postulate and is therefore unlike the axioms and postulates of mathematics.
FALSE
If hard determinism is true then moral responsibility becomes incoherent.
TRUE
If hard determinism is true then all events are necessitated by earlier events, i.e., all present and future events are as fixed and unalterable as the past is fixed and unalterable.
TRUE
If the only categories that exist are deterministic primary and secondary qualities then which of the following is true?
Freedom would be an illusion.

Freedom would be ignorance of causation.
If language is the same as sense data then language is the same as that of which the language represents.
FALSE
If an experience is subjective and incommunicable then it logically follows that it is also relative.
FALSE
If language is sense data then language is not representative of thoughts.
TRUE
It is logically impossible to experience primary qualities if, by definition, all experiences are in fact subjective, yet science is still able to be practical in its manifestations.
TRUE
It is a known empirical fact that most people have dissimilar subjective experiences of color.
FALSE
If language, whether mathematical, linguistic, diagrammatic, etc., is in the same category as the other sense perceptions, then language is likewise an experiential mental linguistic construct.
TRUE
Body language is best able to deal with communications and thoughts that deal with which of the following?
Pleasure and pain.
If the hermeneutical circle is sound, then it is not the case that it is a vicious circle.
FALSE
Intersubjective agreements are sufficient evidence that there are shared subjective incommunicable experiences. In other words, just because an experience is subjective and incommunicable, it does not follow that the experiences are relative.
TRUE
If all thought is language and all language is thought then which of the following is true?
ALL
If all thought is language and all language is thought then which of the following is true?
BOTH
If language is a secondary quality then which of the following is true?
ALL
Although people may interpret or understand language differently …
ALL
If all the subjective cognitive experiences caused by both the sense data of language, and all of the other perceptions, are all that a being can know about the world, then which of the following is true?
ALL 3 EXCEPT
Some knowledge can be known independent of a beings subjective cognitive experience.
It is reasonable to argue that language is a type of sense data that stimulates ideas, but not the actual ideas themselves.
TRUE
This is a work that linguistically describes Principlism as a form of ethics and values both as a descriptive science and as a prescriptive metaphysics.
TRUE
Solipsistic existence is not the case as reproduction does occur and solipsism would not have evolved if it did in fact interfere with the passing on of genetic traits and memes.
TRUE
Mathematical language is best able to deal with communications and thoughts that deal with which of the following?
SENSE DATA
The hermeneutical circle states: in order to understand the whole a person needs to understand the parts, but to understand the parts a person needs to understand the whole.
TRUE
Principlism and its broad and general principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice are shared intersubjective values that do not conflict with many if not most worldviews.
TRUE
People practically do know that perceivers are not totally solipsistic as …
ALL
No knowledge is a subjective cognitive experience, rather all knowledge exists independently of the experiencer.
FALSE
One central issue related to language is whether or not language determines thoughts.
TRUE
It is possible to point to different coherent, scientific, factual, and inter-subjective world-views and then use the practical approach of Principlism to help make moral decisions in pluralistic environments.
TRUE
One particular language framework is capable of communicating all forms of communications.
FALSE
It is quite possible that there is a categorical difference between an idea or thought and a language that represents such.
TRUE
It is possible to hold to the position that personal reality is the same as language even if there is a reality independent of language and experiences.
TRUE
Which of the following is true about an electron?
ALL
Verbal and written language is best able to deal with communications and thoughts that deal with which of the following?
History and verbal thoughts.