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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognition |
Mental processes used in perception, learning, memory, understanding, decision making, problem solving |
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Cognitive Psychology |
Scientific study(i.e.) using the scientific method) of the mind Cognitive psychologists develop and test theories of the mind |
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Applied cognitive psych |
1- Investigation of how cognitive processes affect behavior and performance in real life situations (ecologically valid cognitive research) 2- Discipline focused on creating and refining products, services, procedures, and/or policy based on cognitive principles (applicable cognitive research) Ex- Eyewitness testimony |
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History of Applied Cog. Psych |
A. Basic vs Applied Relationship -Francis Bacon B. Early Cognitive Research -Wundt- first psych lab -Munsterberg- founder of applied psych - Behaviorism- Skinner - Bartlett- Application in memory research |
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History of Cog. Psych continued |
C. WWII and Post war 1- Problems w/ technology (airplanes, radios) 2. Broadbent (1958; experiences as pilot, focus on attention) 3. Neisser (1967; cognitive psych, ecological validity) 4. Banaji and Crowder- pointed out that real-world research lacks control |
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Basic Research |
Basic- 1. goal is basic understanding 2. Isolate variables of interest 3. Often more controlled 4. Conducted in lab setting |
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Applied Research |
1. Goal is to improve practical situations 2. More contextual influences involved 3. Often less controlled 4. Conducted in lab or real world setting |
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Perception |
Process of interpreting and understanding sensory info |
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Top-Down Processing |
Mental processing guided by prior knowledge already stored in memory, expectations, or experience *Conceptually-driven processing or knowledge-based processing |
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Bottom-up Processing |
Mental processing guided by the features or elements in a pattern itself, starts with info in receptors *Data- driven processing or data-based processing |
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Word Recognition- Bottom- up (visual) |
Bottom-up (visual) A. Template models- have exact representations in our heads and then we recognize B. Feature Models- all letters are made of certain features and we have cells that only respond to horizontal lines etc. |
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Word Recognition- Top down (visual) |
Top-Down: Word Superiority Effect 10% More accurate if "k" is in the word |
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Word Recognition- Bottom-up (auditory) |
A. Place of articulation (where in vocal tract sound made) B. Manner of articulation (how sound is made) c. Voicing (vibration of vocal cords or not) |
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Word Recognition- Top Down- Speech in context |
Speech in context A. word spliced from a conversation B. Phonemic restoration effect - fill in because of context of sentence |
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Object Recognition- Bottom Up |
Recognition by Components -First recognize edges -Edges make up gens -Geons make up objects |
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Object Recognition- Top Down |
Object Superiority Effect -More accurate if line is in 3-D object |
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Face Recognition |
Faces may be processed differently than objects. Inferior temporal lobe plays a special role in face recognition (FFA) |
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Face Recognition- Bottom Up |
Prosopagnosia- cannot identify people/ recognize faces FFA spot on brain lights up when we see faces |
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Face Recognition- Top Down |
Face Superiority Effect -More accurate if feature is intact face |
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Applied Research in Perception- Text and Speech |
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) a. Speaker variability b. Spontaneous, casual speech c. rate of speech d. children speech e. emotional state f. Pathologies affecting lungs or larynx g. long term habits (smoking, singing) h. Speaking styles (whispering) i. physical activity causing breathlessness, fatigue etc. |
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Applied Research in perception 2- |
Gesture Search (Google)- draw letter, recognize it |
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Applied Research in perception 3- |
Computer Generated (synthetic) speech. Text to speech- kindle reading |
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Applied research- objects |
1.Car indicator lights- slower recognition/reaction for medial lights vs lateral recognition of direction of turning |
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Applied Research objects 2 |
Matching Finger prints- College student participants IV1= Stimulus type (ambiguous or unambiguous) IV2= Top-down Manipulation High emotion and sub. priming led to more matches |
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Applied Research- matching finger prints with forensic experts |
Shown actual pair of finger prints they claimed were matching before and said they were an innocent suspects but to ignore story and see if they matched. Majority said they did not. |
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Applied research with face recognition |
A.Matching unfamiliar faces to photographs-only see image for quick time. 62% choose correct. 20% incorrect. B. Matching face to lineup simultaneously. Hit 72%. FP 38%. C. Only 2 choices. Static- 85% hit. 15% FP. Live- 89% hit. FP 23%. |
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Masking Identity of familiar faces |
a. Pixelation- do better recognizing faces with 20 pixels than 10. Better moving vs static. b. Blurring- 3 levels. More blur worse you did. People moving, if familiar are much easier to recognize. |
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Age progressed images of missing children |
-Age progressed may harm recognition -Age progressed may increase # of possible targets |
