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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hyposima
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reduced ability to smell
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taste aversion
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learn to avoid the foods that upset the digestive system
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detached retina
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loosened retina
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macular degeneration
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disease of degeneration of the retina
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AMD
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age-related macular disease; same as macular degeneration
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Dry AMD
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pigmented layer atrophies and degenerates
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Wet AMD
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plasma or blood leaked under the retina
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Presbyopia
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"old vision"
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emmetropic
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"normal" eye or vision
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Myopia
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nearsightedness (objects close by are seen clearer); eyeball too long, corrected with concave lens
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hypermetropia (hyperopia)
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farsightedness (objects at a distance are seen clearer); eyeball too short, corrected with convex lens
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astigmatism
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irregularity of the curvature of one of the lenses
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LASIK
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laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis
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Color blindness
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inability to distinguish between certain colors
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night blindness (nyctalopia)
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inability to see well in low levels of light; result of a prolonged deficiency of Vitamin A
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cochlear inplant
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device that translates sounds into electrical signals
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cataracts
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lens becomes cloudy
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glaucoma
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increased pressure in the eye
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deafness
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significant or total hearing loss
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sensorineural deafness
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impairment or damage to the cochlea
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conduction deafness
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impairment of the external and middle ear mechanisms for transmitting sounds
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meniere's disease
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enlarged membranous labyrinth
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ostia media
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acute infection of the middle ear
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tympaotomy
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small tube inserted into the eardrum to drain fluid from middle ear
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ageusia
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loss of the sense of taste
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amblyopia
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loss of vision due to a muscle imbalance in the eye
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anosmia
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total lack of the sense of smell
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barotrauma
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damage to the ear due to pressure changes
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blepharitis
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inflammation of the eyelid
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conjunctivitis
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pink eye
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corneal abrasion
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scratch on the surface of the cornea
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corneal transplant
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procedure that replaces a defective cornea with a donor cornea
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diabetic retinopathy
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disease of the retina due to diabetes mellitus
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exotropia
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turning outward of the eyes
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keratitis
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inflammation or infection of the cornea
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miosis
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constriction of the pupil
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mydriasis
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dilation of the pupil
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nystagmus
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rapid, involuntary movement of the eyeballs
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otalgia
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earache
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photophobia
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visual intolerance to light
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ptosis
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drooping of the eyelid
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retinoblastoma
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tumor from immature retinal cells
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scotoma
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an area of lost vision in the visual field
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strabismus
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misalignment of the eyeballs
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tinnitus
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ringing, roaring, or clicking in the ears
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tonometer
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instrument for measuring pressure
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trachoma
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serious form of conjunctivitis, causing the cornea to become opaque
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vertigo
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dizziness
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blood samples
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samples used in the lab to study blood
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venipuncture
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withdrawal of blood from a vein
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finger stick
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withdrawal of blood from the finger
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heel stick
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withdrawal of blood from infants heel
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arterial stick
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withdrawal of blood from an artery
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bone marrow examination
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aspiration of marrow from the bone
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bone marrow biopsy
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withdrawal of marrow with a large needle
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hemopoeitic growth factors
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area of research
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epoetin alfa
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artificial erythropoietin
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iron overload
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too much iron in the blood
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reticulocyte count
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count of reticulocytes
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complete blood count
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CBC; test screens for anemia and various infections. RBC, WBC, and platelets are usually counted
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warfarin (coumadin)
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anticoagulant which works slower than heparin
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thrombolytic agents
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used to dissolve blood clots
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streptokinase
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enzyme used to dissolve clots
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iron deficiency anemia
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caused by insufficient iron
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megaloblastic anemia
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caused by inadequate intake of vitamin B12
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pernicious anemia
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caused by loss of RBCs
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hemorrhagic anemia
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caused by loss of RBCs b/c of bleeding
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hemolytic anemia
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caused by ruptured RBCs
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thalassemia
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caused by deficiency of synthesis of hemoglobin
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aplastic anemia
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caused by destruction of red bone marrow
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sickle cell anemia
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SCD; RBCs contain an abnormal kind of hemoglobin that bend the cells into a sickle shape. These cells rupture easily.
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hemophia
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excessive bleeding
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leukemia
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group of red bone marrow cancers, in which abnormal WBC multiply uncontrollably
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acute normovolemic hemodilution
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blood is removed directly before surgery, substituted during surgery, then returned directly after surgery
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autologous preoperative transfusion
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donate blood in preparation for your surgery
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blood bank
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facility that collects and stores blood for future use
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cyanosis
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blue skin b/c reduced hemoglobin in blood
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gamma globulin
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solution from blood with antibodies for a specific pathogen
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hemochromatosis
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bronze discoloration of skin
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hemorrhage
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loss of a large amount of blood
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jaundice
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yellowish discoloration of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes
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plebotomist
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one who draws blood
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septicemia
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"blood poisoning"
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thrombocytopenia
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very low platelet count, tends to bleed from capillaries
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venesection
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opening of the vein for the withdrawal of blood
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whole blood
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blood containing all of the formed elements
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tissue plasminogen activator
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t-PA; used to treat victims of heart attacks and strokes that are caused by blood clots
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aspirin
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inhibitor of vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
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external pressure on the chest (compression) can be used to force blood out of the heart and into the circulation.
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pericarditis
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inflammation of the pericardium
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chronic peicarditis
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constant infection of the pericardium
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cardiac tamponade
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a condition that occurs when fluid accumulates and compresses the heart
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myocarditis
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an inflammation of the myocardium
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endocarditis
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an inflammation of the endocardium and typically involves the heart valves
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stenosis
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narrowing of a valve
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insufficiency (incompetence)
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failure of a valve to open and close completely
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mitral valve proplapse
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MVP; an inflammation of the endocardium and typically involves the heart valves
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aortic stenosis
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aortic valve is narrowed
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aortic insufficiency
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there is a back flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle
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rheumatic fever
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an acute systemic inflammatory disease that usually occurs after a streptococcal infection of the throat. It may weaken the entire heart wall, most often it damages the mitral and aortic valve
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myocardial ischemia
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a condition of reduced blood flow to the myocardium
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hypoxia
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lack of adequate oxygen at the tissue level
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angina pectoris
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severe pain usually associated with myocardial ischemia
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silent myocardial ischemia
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ischemia episodes without pain
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myocardial infarction
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MI; heart attack
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Regeneration of heart cells
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inable to repair damage from a heart attack; but has been seen in heart transplant recipients
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artificial pacemaker
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a device that sends out small electrical currents to stimulate the heart to contract
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activity-adjusted pacemaker
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the newer pacemakers automatically speed up the heartbeat during exercise
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innocent or functional heart murmurs
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heart murmurs in children
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heart murmur
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abnormal sound that consists of a flow noise that is heard before, between, or after the normal heart sounds, or that may mask normal heart sounds
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congestive heart failure
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CHF; loss of pumping efficiency of the heart
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coronary artery disease
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CAD; results from the effects of the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries, which leads to a reduction in blood flow to the myocardium
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arterosclerosis
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group of diseases characterized by thickening of the walls of arteries and loss of elasticity
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atherosclerotic plaques
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lesion that results from accumulated cholesterol and smooth muscle fibers (cells) of the tunica media of an artery; may become obstructive
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low density lipoproteins
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LDL; (bad cholesterol) transport cholesterol from the liver to body cells for use in cell membrane repair and the production of steroid hormones and bile salts
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high density lipoproteins
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HDL; (good cholesterol) remove excess cholesterol from body cells and transport it to the liver for elimination
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foam cells
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macrophages that ingest and become so filled with oxidized LDL particles that they have a foamy appearance when viewed microscopically
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c-reactive proteins
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CRPs; promote the uptake of LDL
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fibrinogen
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a glycoprotein involved in blood clotting that may help regulate cellular proliferation, vasoconstriction, and platelet aggregation
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homocysteine
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an amino acid that may induce blood vessel damage by promoting platelet aggregation and smooth muscle fiber proliferation
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stress testing (exercise stress test)
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the functioning of the heart is monitored when placed under physical stress by exercising using a treadmill, an exercise bicycle, or arm exercises
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nonexercise (pharmacologic) stress test
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a medication is injected that stresses the heart to mimic the effects of exercise
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radionuclide imaging
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performed during stress testing to evaluate blood flow through heart muscle
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echocardiography
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a technique that uses ultrasound waves to image the interior of the heart
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electron beam computerized tomography
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EBCT; detects calcium deposits in coronary arteries, which indicate atherosclerosis
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cardiac catheterization
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an invasive procedure used to visualize the heart's chambers, valves, and great vessel to diagnose and treat disease not related to abnormalities of the coronary arteries
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catheter
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plastic tubing
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coronary angiography
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an invasive procedure used to obtain information about the coronary arteries
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coronary artery bypass grafting
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CABG; a surgical procedure in which a blood vessel from another part of the body is attached (“grafted”) to a coronary artery to bypass an area of blockage. A piece of the grafted blood vessel is sutured between the aorta and the unblocked portion of the coronary artery
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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PTCA; a nonsurgical procedure used to treat CAD
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coarctation of the aorta
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congenital heart defect in which a segment of the aorta is too narrow. As a result, the flow of oxygenated blood to the body is reduced, the left ventricle is forced to pump harder, and high blood pressure develops
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patent ductus arteriosus
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PDA; congenital heart defect in which the ductus arteriosus remains open. As a result, aortic blood flows into the lower-pressure pulmonary trunk, increasing pulmonary trunk pressure and overworking both ventricles
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septal defect (arterial or ventricular)
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an opening in the atrial septum (atrial septal defect) because the foramen ovale fails to close, or the ventricular septum (ventricular septal defect) due to incomplete development of the ventricular septum
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tetralogy of fallot
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combination of four congenital heart defects: (1) constricted pulmonary semilunar valve, (2) interventricular septal opening, (3) emergence of the aorta from both ventricles instead of from the left only, and (4) enlarged right ventricle
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blue baby
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term for cyanosis in infants
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normal sinus rhythm
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usual rhythm of heartbeats
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arrhythmia (dysrhythmia)
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an irregular heart rhythm
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bradycardia
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slow resting heart rate (under 50 bpm)
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tachycardia
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abnormally rapid resting heartbeat or pulse rate (over 100 bpm)
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fibrillation
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rapid, uncoordinated heartbeats
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supraventricular arrhythmias
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arrhythmias that begin in the atria
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ventricular arrhythmias
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arrhythmias that begin in the ventricles
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supraventricular tachycardia
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SVT; a rapid but regular heart rate (160–200 beats) per minute that originates in the atria
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heart block
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an arrhythmia (dysrhythmia) of the heart in which the atria and ventricles contract independently because of a blocking of electrical impulses through the heart at some point in the conduction system
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atrial premature contraction
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APC; a heartbeat that occurs earlier than expected and briefly interrupts the normal heart rhythm
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atrial flutter
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rapid, regular atrial contractions (240–360 beats/min) accompanied by an atrioventricular (AV) block in which some of the nerve impulses from the SA node are not conducted through the AV node
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atrial fibrillation
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AF; asynchronous contraction of cardiac muscle fibers in the atria that results in the cessation of atrial pumping
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ventricular premature contraction
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a region of the heart other than the conduction system, becomes more excitable than normal and causes an occasional abnormal action potential to occur
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ventricular tachycardia
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VT; an arrhythmia that originates in the ventricles and is characterized by 4 or more ventricular premature contractions. It causes the ventricles to beat too fast (at least 120 beats/min)
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ventricular fibrillation
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VF; asynchronous ventricular contractions; unless reversed by defibrillation, results in heart failure
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defibrillation (cardioversion)
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a strong, brief electrical current is passed to the heart and often can stop the ventricular fibrillation
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defibrillator
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electrical shock is generated by a device and applied via two large paddle-shaped electrodes pressed against the skin of the chest
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automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator
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AICD; an implanted device that monitors their heart rhythm and delivers a small shock directly to the heart when a life-threatening rhythm disturbance occurs
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automated external defibrillator
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AED; function like AICDs, except that they are external devices
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asystole
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failure of the myocardium to contract
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cardiac arrest
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cessation of an effective heartbeat
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cardiomegaly
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heart enlargment
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cardiac rehabilitation
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a supervised program of progressive exercise, psychological support, education, and training to enable a patient to resume normal activities following a myocardial infarction
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cardiomyopathy
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progressive disorder in which ventricular structure or function is impaired
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dilated cardiomyopathy
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the ventricles enlarge (stretch) and become weaker and reduce the heart's pumping action
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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the ventricular walls thicken and the pumping efficiency of the ventricles is reduced
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commotio cordis
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damage to the heart, frequently fatal, as a result of a sharp, nonpenetrating blow to the chest while the ventricles are repolarizing
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cor pulmonale
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CP; term referring to right ventricular hypertrophy from disorders that bring about hypertension (high blood pressure) in the pulmonary circulation
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ejection fraction
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the fraction of the end-diastolic volume (EDV) that is ejected during an average heartbeat. Equal to stroke volume (SV) divided by EDV
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electrophysiological testing
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a procedure in which a catheter with an electrode is passed through blood vessels and introduced into the heart. It is used to detect the exact locations of abnormal electrical conduction pathways
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radiofrequency ablation
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a procedure where an abnormal pathway is destroyed by sending a current through the electrode
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palpitation
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fluttering of the heart or an abnormal rate or rhythm of the heart about which an individual is aware
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paroxysmal tachycardia
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a period of rapid heartbeats that begin and end suddenly
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sick sinus syndrome
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an abnormally functioning SA node that initiates heartbeats too slowly or rapidly, pauses too long between heartbeats, or stops producing heartbeats
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sudden cardiac death
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an unexpected cessation of circulation and breathing
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ophthalmologist
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eye physician (medical doctor), operates on eyes
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optometrist
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non-physician; fits glasses and contacts
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