Exam #1 Ch 4

Front 1

ablation

Back 1

the removal of a portion of the brain in order to study the effects of brain damage

Front 2

anterior

Back 2

towards the front

Front 3

anterior commissure

Back 3

set of axons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres (smaller than the corpus callosum)

Front 4

autonomic nervous system

Back 4

neurons that regulate functions of (involuntary) internal organs. Is part of the PNS. It has two parts: sympathetic (flight/fight) & parasymapathetic (rest/digest)

Front 5

basal ganglia

Back 5

located in subcortical FOREBRAIN, lateral to hypothalamus. (includes caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus). Function: rsponsible forplanning sequences, memory and emotions. In Parkinsons & Huntingdons it deteriorates, results in impaired mvmnt, memory, reasoning, & attention deficits. Its organization hasn't changed much over evolution (sim to amphibs and mammals)

Front 6

Bell-Magendie law

Back 6

entering dorsal axons contain sensory info (basal rt ganglia has cell body, then axon), and exiting ventral roots carry motor info (their cell bodies are inside the sp cord)

Front 7

binding problem

Back 7

the question of how the visual, auditory , and other areas of the bran influence one and other to produce a combined perception of a single object (ex: ventriloquist & dummy)

Front 8

brainstem

Back 8

made up of: hindbrain, midbrain, and the posterior central structures of the forebrain

Front 9

Broca’s area

Back 9

portion of the lrft frontal lobe associtedd with language production (ex: injury to this area would mean you could understand spoken/written language, but YOU couldn't speak, produce spoken language)

Front 10

central canal

Back 10

fluid filled chamber at the center of the spinal cord. contains CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) which cushions, nourishes, and provides hormones to sp cord (in brain CSF is in the 4 ventricles

Front 11

central nervous system (CNS)

Back 11

consists of brain and spinal cord. PNS send sensory messages to CNS, and from CNS to muscles

Front 12

cerebellum

Back 12

part of the hindbrain, associated with proprioception (balance /coordination) and ability to shift attention btween auditory and visual stimuli

Front 13

cerebral cortex

Back 13

layer of cells on the outer suface of the cerebral hemoshperes of the forebrain (made up of layer of 6 laminae - grey and white matter) CONTAINS 4 LOBES: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital. Neurons communicate across hemispheres via corpus callosum & anterior commissure

Front 14

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 14

nourishes, cushions, and provides hormones to the central canal (in sp cord) and 4 ventricles of the brain

Front 15

computerized axial tomography (CT or CAT scan)

Back 15

shows map of the brain - used for research that correlates brain anatomy with behavior. dye is injected into blood and xray taken -

Front 16

contralateral

Back 16

on the opposite side of (it is the opposite of ipsilateral)

Front 17

corpus callosum

Back 17

set of axons that connect two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. located in the cerebral cortex

Front 18

dorsal

Back 18

the back side (ex our spine, or a shark's fin)

Front 19

dorsal root ganglion

Back 19

a bundle of the cell bodies of somatic (afferent) neurons that is located outside the dorsal side of the spinal cord

Front 20

electroencephalograph (EEG

Back 20

used to record brain ACTIVITY DURING behavior. electrode "cap" is plced on head, electrical activity is recorded while the person is engaged in some kind of brain activity (reading, etc)

Front 21

forebrain

Back 21

most anterior and prominent part of the mammalian brain. includes 2 hemi. of the cerebral cortex (each rcvs sensory info from, and controls muscles of the contralateral side), limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia, basal forebrain, hippocampus, and ventricles

Front 22

frontal lobe

Back 22

section of cerebral cortex: fr central sulcus to the front. contains primary motor cortex and prefrontal cortex. in general, larger the species, the larger % devoted to prefrontal cortex. Frontal lobe contains: precentral gyrus (fine motor skills)

Front 23

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Back 23

modified MRI, used to record brain ACTIVITY DURING behavior. Safer than PET. Measures hemoglobulins (for oxygen level) to determine which area is getting biggest supply (therefore is most active)

Front 24

gene-knockout approach

Back 24

used to examine the effects of brain damage. biochemical method of directing the mutation of a particular gene that is important in the study of cell, transmitter, receptor (used w mice esp.)

Front 25

gray matter

Back 25

the inner part of brain and sp cord. consists primarily of cell bodies and dendrites. % of grey matter has been loosely correlated to IQ level

Front 26

hindbrain

Back 26

most posterior part of brainstem: medulla (vital function HR BP, etc), pons (connects axons fr 2 hemispheres to opp side of sp cord), cerebellum (proprioception)

Front 27

hippocampus

Back 27

located in the forebrain - involved in creating and storing new memories

Front 28

hypothalamus

Back 28

located in forebrain. send message to pituitary gland (hypothalamic hormones?) to release pituitary hormones, dmamge to this area effects emotionally motivated behaviors (eating, sex, drinking,temp regulation, fighting, etc)

Front 29

inferior

Back 29

beneath (lower)

Front 30

inferior colliculus

Back 30

located in midbrain - associated with sensory processing of hearing

Front 31

ipsilateral

Back 31

on the same side as

Front 32

Klüver-Bucy syndrome

Back 32

monkeys w damaged temporal lobes didn't have normal fears or anxieties (of snake / fire). most likely because temporal lobes play part in emotional or motivational behaviors (but hard to interpret monkey;s behavior)

Front 33

lateral

Back 33

located to the side - away form the midline

Front 34

lesion

Back 34

damage to an area of the brain used to EXAMINE the EFFECTS OF BRAIN DAMAGE (sham lesions are used as a control)

Front 35

limbic system

Back 35

set of FOREBRAIN AREAS critical for emotion - forms border around brainstem. limbic system structures: olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdla, cingulate gyrus

Front 36

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 36

used to CORRELATE BRAIN ANATOMY WITH BEHAVIOR. used magnetic field to align the axons.

Front 37

medial

Back 37

towards the middle (midline)

Front 38

medulla

Back 38

part of the hindbrain - involved on vital functions - HR, BP, breathing. (Overdose - when opioids interfere w medulla, can be fatal)

Front 39

meninges

Back 39

thin membrane that surround brain and sp cord. meninges have pain receptors (brain doesn't), when inflamed very painful. blood vessel swelling in the meninges is migraine

Front 40

midbrain

Back 40

mid part of brainstem: superior (visual) & infereior (auditory) colliculus, tectum (roof), tegmentum (floor), substantia nigra (dopamine pathway facilitates movement)

Front 41

nerve

Back 41

set of axons in the periphery, either from the CNS to muscle or gland, or from sensory organ to CNS

Front 42

neuroanatomy

Back 42

anatomy of the nervous system

Front 43

nucleus basalis

Back 43

on dorsal surface of forebrain, major source of axons that release ACh widely in cerebral cortex. plays key part in wakefulness and arousal. Parkinsons & Alzheimers patients impairments due to deterioration of nucleus basalis

Front 44

occipital lobe

Back 44

the back lobe of the cerebral cortex - involved in vision (axons to optic nerve) R side goes to L eye

Front 45

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 45

rest and digest, slows down functions. part of the PNS / Autonomic system

Front 46

parietal lobe

Back 46

towards the back /top, btwn occipital and central sulcus. contains: postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex - touch sensations, muscle stretch receptors) involved in body sensations

Front 47

peripheral nervous system

Back 47

PNS, nerves outside the brain and sp cord (afferent / efferent)

Front 48

phrenology

Back 48

study of behavior based on shape of the skull (characteristics and attributes assigned to certain shapes/bumps)

Front 49

pituitary gland

Back 49

endocrine gland attached to base of hypothalamus (forebrain) hormones secreted by (anterior & posterior) pituitary gland control secretion of other hormones. hypothalamus controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones (ex GH, FSH, LH, etc)

Front 50

pons

Back 50

part of the hindbrain - axons cross over / to sp cord - acts as bridge

Front 51

positron-emission tomography (PET)

Back 51

used to record brain ACTIVITY DURING behavior. side affects due to radioactive chem injected into bloodstream (fMRI is now preferred)

Front 52

postcentral gyrus

Back 52

located in crebral cortex in the parietal lobe. is the primary somatosensory cortex: touch and other body sensations

Front 53

posterior

Back 53

towards the back

Front 54

precentral gyrus

Back 54

lAKA: primary motor cortex, located on the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex, anterior to the central sulcus, is specialized for control of fine motor movements, separate areas for each part of the body, controls (mainly) the contralaterial side of the body

Front 55

prefrontal cortex

Back 55

located in the most anterior portion of the frontal lobe, integrate LOTS of info as it gets input from all the diff parts of the prefrontal cortex

Front 56

prefrontal lobotomy

Back 56

surgical disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain. used to "tame" severe schizophrenics, led to apathy, loss of planning, memory disorders and lack of emotion. now use drug therapy

Front 57

primates

Back 57

cerebral cortex

Front 58

proximal

Back 58

located close to the point of origin or attachment

Front 59

raphe system

Back 59

located in hindbrain (contained in medullla and pons) sends axons to the forebrain to modify the brain's readiness to respond to stimulus,

Front 60

reticular formation

Back 60

located in hindbrain (conatined in medlla and pons) acssending portion sends output to cerebral cortex to increase arousal, descending portion controls motor areas of the spinal cord

Front 61

sham lesion

Back 61

used as a control for lesion method of studying effect of brain damage (the sham lesion controls for unintended effects of drilling, anaesthesia, etc same process is doe to sham lesion BUT NO ELECTRODE USED

Front 62

somatic nervous system

Back 62

nerves that convey messages from sense organs to the CNS, and from CNS to muscles and glands

Front 63

somatosensory cortex

Back 63

AKA postcentral gyrus - posterior to the central suclus, each area of the somatosensory cortex represents sensations from a different body part (ex: pic of quadrant w/ body parts)

Front 64

spinal cord

Back 64

part of the CNS found within the spinal column. communicates w sense organs ad muscles below the level of the head. fluid filled central canal

Front 65

stereotaxic instrument

Back 65

device used for the precise placement of electrodes in the head (ex used when doing lesion damage w electric current)

Front 66

substantia nigra

Back 66

midbrain area that gives rise to dopamine containing pathways, therefore linked w drug addiction. parkinsons patients have damage to this area (b/c it facilitates readiness for movement)

Front 67

sulcus

Back 67

fold or groove that separates one gyrus from another ( women tends to have deeper sulci than men (compensates for men's larger brain size)

Front 68

superior

Back 68

located above another part

Front 69

superior colliculus

Back 69

located in midbrain on either side of the tectum. associated with certain aspects of vision

Front 70

sympathetic nervous system

Back 70

part of the PNS, autonomic system. fight or flight, speeds up HR, BP, etc slows digestion - network of nerves that prepare body's organs for vigorous activity

Front 71

temporal lobe

Back 71

located on left side of cerebral cortex - associated with auditory - hearing and advanced visual processing (perception of movement and facial recog). tumor can cause hallucination (whereas occipital lobe tumors only causes simple flashes of light) other damager: Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Front 72

thalamus

Back 72

located in forebrain - central processing area - "relay station" most sensory info processed here then sent to erebral cortex (except olfactory).

Front 73

tract

Back 73

set of axons within the CNS, also known as projection. if axons extend form cell bodies in "a" to synapse to "b" we say the fibers "project" from A to B

Front 74

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Back 74

application of intense magnetic field to portion of the brain - temp inactivates neurons below the magnet. used to study effects of brain damage (milder txmt stimulates it for studying effects of stimulating brain area BUT - you don't know that area was solely responsible for the behavior.

Front 75

ventral

Back 75

belly side - towards the stomach (away from the back)

Front 76

ventricle

Back 76

4 fluid filled carites within the cerebral cortex - filled w Cerebrospinal flui (CSF) cushions and nourishes the brain (if too much CSF in infant brain: hydrocephalus- swelling caused overgrown head, assoc. w mental retardation

Front 77

Wernicke’s area

Back 77

portion of the left human temporal lobe associated w language comprehension (damage means that you can read or speak the lang. but you cant understand it)

Front 78

white matter

Back 78

part of the spinal cord that surrounds grey matter - made up primarily of myelinated axons