Exam 1 Bio Vocab

Front 1

specifies what we should observe when the hypothesis being tested isn't correct

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null hypothesis

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The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.

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cell

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The branch of biology concerned with the classification and naming of organisms.

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taxonomy

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a taxonomic category of closely related species.

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genus

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A distinct, identifiable group of populations that is thought to be evolutionarily independent of other populations and whose members can interbreed.

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species

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A taxonomic category, based on similarities in basic cellular biochemistry, above the kingdom level.

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domain

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a diagram that depicts the evolutionary history of a group of species and the relationships among them.

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phylogenetic tree

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the point where two branches diverge, representing the point in time when an ancestral group split into two or more descendant groups.

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node

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The ability of an individual to produce viable offspring relative to others of the same species.

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fitness

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Any heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual with that trait, compared with individuals without that trait, in a particular environment.

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adaptation

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The process by which individuals with certain heritable traits tend to produce more surviving offspring than do individuals without those traits

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natural selection

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An atom or a molecule that has lost or gained electrons and thus carries an electric charge

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ion

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Any of several forms of an element that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons.

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isotope

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An attractive force binding two atoms together.

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chemical bonds

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An electron in the outermost electron shell involved with chemical reactions

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valence electron

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A type of chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

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covalent bond

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A type of chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

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ionic bond

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A weak interaction between two molecules or different parts of the same molecule resulting from the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom (usually O or N) with a partial negative charge.

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hydrogen bond

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Any substance that is dissolved in a liquid.

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solute

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Any liquid in which one or more solids or gases can dissolve.

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solvent

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Carrying a partial positive charge on one side of a molecule and a partial negative charge on the other; these type of molecules are generally hydrophilic

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polarity

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Interacting readily with water; typically polar compounds containing charged or electronegative atoms.

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hydrophilic

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Not interacting readily with water; Not interacting readily with water.

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hydrophobic

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The tendency of certain dissimilar molecules to cling together due to attractive forces.

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adhesion

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The tendency of certain like molecules (e.g., water molecules) to cling together due to attractive forces.

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cohesion

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Containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic elements.

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amphipathic

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Referring to a chemical reaction that absorbs heat.

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endothermic

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Referring to a chemical reaction that releases heat.

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exothermic

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Any compound that acquires protons or gives up electrons during a chemical reaction or accepts hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

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base

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Any compound that gives up protons or accepts electrons during a chemical reaction or that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

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acid

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The principle of physics that energy is conserved in any process. Energy can be transferred and converted into different forms, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

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Energy stored in matter as a result of its position or molecular arrangement.

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potential energy

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The energy of motion.

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kinetic energy

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The potential energy stored in covalent bonds between atoms.

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chemical energy

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A quantitative measure of the amount of disorder of any system, such as a group of molecules.

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entropy

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A measure of the change in potential energy and entropy that occurs in a given chemical reaction.

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Gibbs Free Energy change

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Referring to a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to occur and for which the Gibbs free-energy change

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endergonic

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Referring to a chemical reaction that can occur spontaneously, releasing heat and/or increasing entropy, and for which the Gibbs free-energy change

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exergonic

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The principle of physics that the entropy of the universe or any closed system increases during any spontaneous process.

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Second Law of Thermodynamics

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A measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons toward itself from an atom to which it is bonded.

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electronegativity

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A dynamic but stable state of a reversible chemical reaction in which the forward reaction and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate, so that the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.

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chemical equilibrium

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hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen are the...

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elements of life

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A chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined covalently with the removal of an –OH from one and an –H from another to form water.

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dehydration reaction

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A chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined covalently with the removal of an –OH from one and an –H from another to form water.

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condensation reaction

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A chemical reaction in which a molecule is split into smaller molecules by reacting with water.

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hydrolysis

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polymers of amino acids

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polypeptides

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the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

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primary protein structure

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formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets in a polypeptide

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secondary protein structure

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overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide

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tertiary protein structure

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shape produced by combinations of polypeptides

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quaternary protein structure

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disease causing proteins

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prions

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what brings reactants together in precise orientations and stabilize transition states?

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enzymes

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enzyme three step catalyze reaction mechanism:

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1. binding of reactants in a precise orientation
2. facilitation of the transition state lowering activation energy...shape change in enzyme, resulting in an induced fit btw active site and substrate.
3. release of products, which do not bind tightly to active site

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nucleotide where sugar is ribose

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ribonucleotides

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nucleotide where deoxyribose is the sugar

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deoxyribonucleotides

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nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids

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purines and pyrimidines

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sugars

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carbohydrates

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monomer of sugar, simple sugar

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monosaccharides

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polymers of monosaccharides

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polysaccharides

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condensation reactions between two hydroxyl groups forming simple sugar polymers

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glycosidic linkage

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alpha glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

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starch

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3 nondigestive polysaccharides

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cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan

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enzymes involved in breaking the alpha glycosidic linkages in starch

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amylases

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nonpolar molecules that contain only hydrogen and carbon

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hydrocarbons

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links fatty acids and glycerols together

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ester linkage

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phospholipid bilayers

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lipid bilayers

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potential energy and entropy

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free energy

Front 68

hydrocarbon chains without double bonds and contain more C-H bonds so they have more energy

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saturated

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hydrocarbon chains with double bonds, less free energy

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unsaturated fats

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movement of a substance across the membrane with no energy investment

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passive transport

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substance diffuse down their concentration gradient through a membrane of channel

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diffusion

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the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

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osmosis

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concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell

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isotonic

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no net movement of water in a solution, then the solution is

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isotonic

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the concentration of solutes is greater on the outside than the inside of the cell

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hypertonic

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if the cell will lose water to tis surroundings then the solution is

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hypertonic

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the concentration of solutes is greater inside than outside the cell

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hypotonic

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if the cell will gain water from the surroundings then the solution is

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hypotonic

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A type of small amphipathic molecule used to solubilize hydrophobic molecules in aqueous solution.

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detergent