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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How old is the primate order? |
70 million years old |
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Taxonomy |
Naming, classifying, sorting, and finding phylogeneticrelationships |
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Carolus Linnaeus in 1758 |
Classifying primates in Kingdom, class, order |
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Primate classification: kingdom |
animalia |
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Primate classification: subkingdom |
metazoan |
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Primate classification: phylum |
chordata elongated spinal cord with brain at the end |
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Primate classification: subphylum |
vertebrata boned creature |
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Primate classification: class |
mammalia warm blooded |
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Primate classification: subclass |
theria live births |
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Primate classification: infraclass |
eutheria |
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Primate classification: order |
primates |
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Primate classification: suborder 1 |
prosimii |
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Primate classification: suborder 2 |
anthropoidea more human like |
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what is a primate according to St. George Mivart (1873) |
highly developed brain orbits surrounded by bone ball and socket joints - ability to throw objects pentadactyl - 5 fingers |
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typical primate dental formula |
2-1-3-3 2-1-2-3 incisors, canine, premolar, molar 36 or 32 teeth |
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Phylogenetic order |
prosimians-->tarsier-->NW and OW monkeys-->apes-->human relating to the evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of organisms, or of a particular feature of an organism |
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Where are living primates found today? |
South America (monkeys) Africa and Asia (prosimians, monkeys, and apes) Madagascar (prosimians) |
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Where are ancestral prosimians found? |
North America and Europe |
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What are the 12 characteristics of a primate |
1. Generalized Skeleton 2. free mobility of fingers and toes 3. replacement of claws with nails 4. Decreased olfaction 5. increased reliance on vision 6. Reduction in number of teeth 7. Abbreviation of the snout 8. Trend toward erect posture 9. elaboration of the brain 10. increased body size 11. prolongation of life span 12. adaptations to single births |
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generalized skeleton characteristics |
double bone in limbs clavicle pentadactyly - 5 fingers |
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why are opposable thumbs important |
for picking up things, grasping onto branches, catching bugs so baby can cling on to mother while she climbs, gets food, etc. |
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exceptions of claw replacement |
grooming claw of prosimians and in the tarsier reversion back to claws in the marmosets and tamarins because they scurry along branches and trees |
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Importance of tactile pad |
Allowing very accurate manipulation of objects This precision grip was an important evolutionary advance in primates Sensitive to pressure, temperature, or pain |
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loss of rhinarium |
wet nose - helps with odor distinction prosimians have it but monkeys do not |
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vomeronasal system |
second olfactory system rodents and snakes have it prosimians have it but OW monkeys do not for scent marking behavior |
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stereoscopic vision |
eye balls on front of head in socket |
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Night active monkeys have a |
tapetum - reflects visible light back into the retina |
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Trichromatic color vision |
good for fruit/leaf foraging
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red/green color blindness (dichromatic) |
disadvantage because it is harder to detect camouflaged prey or predators |
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Nocturnal monkeys |
have eyes better adapted to seeing in the dark have a tapetum |
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ancestral dental pattern |
(incisor-canine-premolar-molar) 3-1-4-3 44 |
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primitive dental pattern |
(incisor-canine-premolar-molar) 2-1-4-3 40 |
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NW monkey dental pattern |
(incisor-canine-premolar-molar) 2-1-3-3 36 |
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OW monkey and ape dental pattern |
(incisor-canine-premolar-molar) 2-1-2-3 32 |
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dental pattern exceptions |
(incisor-canine-premolar-molar) marmosets/tamarins: 2-1-3-2 aye-aye: 1-0-0-3 |
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what happens when the snout is abbreviated |
face gets flatter back molar is dropped |
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abbreviation of the snout exceptions |
baboons have giant canine fangs because they are ground living use to defend themselves creates elongated snout |
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neoteny |
to look baby like humans look like this thought that there is social benefits |
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Trend toward erect posture |
vertical clinging and leaping brachiation - arm swinging ischial callosities - skin thickening bipedalism |
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anatomical changes needed for bipedalism |
heel/ball tripod placement of foot change in angle of femur change in the shape of pelvis change in curve of vertebral column (C to S shape) movement of foramen magnum forward under skull |
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Brain development |
Hemisphere size, visual cortex, association cortex, limbic areas reduced olfactory humans have largest brains: frontal, parietal, occipital, lobes |
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increased body size |
lower metabolic rate hair density decreases for temp regulation sexual dimorphism increases (bigger males) move to diurnal niche to escape predation goose bumps monogamy = less sexual dimorphism |
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Life span of lemurs |
4 months pregnancy 3-6 month infancy puberty at 1-2 years old life span 15 years |
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life span of monkeys |
6 month pregnancy 6-12 month infancy puberty at 3-4 years old life span 20-30 years |
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life span of apes |
8 month pregnancy 3-5 year infancy puberty at 8-12 years old life span 40 years |
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life span of humans |
9 month pregnancy 3-5 year infancy puberty at 11-14 years old life span 50-80 years |
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adaptations to single births |
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Prosimian superfamily: lorisoidea |
loris potto galago |
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Prosimian superfamily: lemuroidea |
lemurs indri/sifaka aye-aye |
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Prosimian superfamily: tarioidea |
tarsiers |
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Night active primates |
galago, loris, aye-aye, ringtail indri |
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day active primates |
NW monkey OW monkey apes |
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primates that switched from night active to day active |
tarsier owl monkey |
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Prosimian characteristics |
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Galago (bushbaby) Africa baby-parking (leave babies holding onto branch while mom goes to forage) nests bicornuate uterus - two babies |
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Potto |
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Slender Loris |
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Slow loris |
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Potto, slender loris, & slow loris |
Africa, Sri Lanka, Asia Nocturnal, antisocial, solitary Eats bugs poisonous to many other apes |
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Mouse lemur Size of galago (little smaller) smallest prosimian nocturnal, solitary, eats sap |
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True Lemurs |
> 2 pounds lives on Madagascar day active color vision 1 baby at a time hang out in groups females dominate |
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Ring tailed lemur textbook/archetypal lemur |
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Indri |
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Sifaka |
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Indri and sifaka |
vertical clinging |
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aye aye Madagascar eats coconuts and insect grub teeth designed to bite through bark dental formula:1-0-0-3 for diet |
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Tarsier SE asia HUUUUGE eyes compared to brain elongated TARSAL bone - helps to jump |
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how to classify tarsier |
prosimian like: nocturnal, solitary, grooming claw, multiple nips, bicornuate uterus simian like: diurnal ancestors, no tapetum, no rhinarium, single offspring, hemochorial placenta |
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Larger, extinct, prosimians |
megaladipis: 100 lbs Archaeolemurs: 200-300 lbs, sloth lemurs |
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anthropoidean superfamily: ceboidea family: callitrichidae |
south america marmosets, tamarins |
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anthropoidean superfamily: ceboidea family: cebidae |
south america squirrel monkeys, capuchins, spider monkeys, muriqui |
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Marmosets and tamarins |
phyletic dwarfism monogamy little sexual dimorphism twins and triplets (unicorn uterus paternal care reproductive suppression sap eating marmosets claws instead of nails communal rearing (head mother and father give birth) tamarins don't eat as much sap |
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Squirrel monkey smaller the monkey, more likely to be insectivorous spend 60% of days looking for insects |
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Capuchin organ grinder monkey (circuses) very smart (often in movies) tool-users frugivorous (fruit eater |
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owl monkey nocturnal diurnal answers |
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Howler monkey most folivorous (vegetarian monkey) eats leaves loud |
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spider monkey frugiovorous (fruit eating) |
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muriqui (wooly spider) little dominance or aggressive behavior Karen Strier conversion effort Fission-fusion relationship sometimes hangout together, sometimes not |
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Common marmoset little monogamous twins, triplets (unicornuate) |
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Pygmy marmoset smallest monkey and smallest marmoset |
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golden lion tamarin endangered lives in brazil |
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emperor tamarin mustache goals |
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anthropoidean superfamily: cercopithecoidiea, family: cercopithecidae subfamily: cercopithecinae |
macaques, baboons, guenons, vervets omnivores ground living |
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anthropoidean superfamily: cercopithecoidiea family: cercopithecidae subfamily: colobinae |
colobus, langur leaf eaters tree living |
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baboons and mandrills |
ground living larger when they moved to ground fight with large predators males have large canines for fighting and hunting |
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Galada baboon ethiopia |
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Hamadryas baboon hardy samalia/yemen only monkey in middle east no trees to sleep in sleep on cliffs and rocks |
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Mandrill equatorial rainforest |
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macaques |
hardy animals evolved in africa, live in asia pakistan, india, himalayas region, china, SE asia |
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Gibraltar macaque barbary ape island of gibraltar related to last macaque in Morocco, up in atlas mountains |
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Cynomolgus monkey crab-eating macaque water is not a barrier to them, can swim |
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japanese macaque snow monkey hardy survive in centers through huddling northernmost monkey |
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colobus monkeys africa black and white colobus babies born snow white changes colors as grows lives in trees |
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Hanuman langur india |
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Douc langur vietnam |
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golden monkey (langur) snub nosed china |
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proboscis monkey (nasalis) (langur) indonesia funny nose leaf eating |
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Paths monkey came back down to ground across western to central africa dry areas |
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SIV Blue balls |
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anthropoidean superfamily: hominoidea family: hylobatidae |
gibbons and siamang |
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anthropoidean superfamily: hominoidea family: hominidae subfamily: ponginae |
Orangutans |
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anthropoidean superfamily: hominoidea family: hominidae subfamily: homininae |
gorilla gorilla pan chimps homo humans |
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Gibbons Southeast asia (thailand, vietnam, indonesia)monogamy little sexual dimorphism spectated along major rivers divided into 4 genera each distinct with different chromosome numbers brachiation |
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Black fur orangutan Old person of the forest slower movement along branches more deliberate, hold on with 3 hands antisocial fruit eating in Sumatra and Borneo No monogamy No sexual dimorphism inter birth interval of 5-6 years most social bond between mother and child arboreal (tree living) |
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Gorilla Africa Rainforest to montane eats leaves, roots, pith, vines daily range 6 miles sagittal crest - muscle mass on top of head knuckle walker sleeps in trees |
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Chimpanzee Africa Rainforest to woodland meat eating 7-10 mile daily range cooperative hunting for meat inter-community aggression fission/fusion community |
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bonobo central africa rainforest fruit, leaves bark <1 mile daily range Bangs face to face |
