Exam 1

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Boeotia

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Region of Central Greece. Capital is Livadeia and its largest city is Thebes.

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Attica

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City of Athens. Centered on the Attic Peninsula

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Peloponnese

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Southern region of Greece separated by the Gulf of Corinth

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Laconia

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Sparta; Southeastern part of Pelopennese

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Euboea

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Second-largest Greek Island

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Aegean Sea

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Located between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey

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Cyclades

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Birthplace of Apollo, and home to some of Greece's most important archaeological ruins.

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Indo-Europeans

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Indigenous people of Greece.

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Late Bronze age

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Dark Age transition period in the Aegean Region, Southwestern Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, a transition historians believe was violent, sudden and culturally disruptive.

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Mycenaean

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Art and culture of Greece from ca 1600 to 1100 BC. Seat of Agamemnon.

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Achaeans

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Achaea Greece. Mycenaean-era Greeks. Archaeology of Troy

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Linear B

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Syllabic script that was used for writing Mycenaean Greek

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Dark Age

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476-800 ce when there was no Roman emperor in the west. Marked by frequent warfare, complete separation of states, and regression of technology

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Ionia

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One of the four major tribes that the Greeks considered themselves divided into during the ancient time period

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Archaic Period

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lasted from eight century BC to the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC. After the Dark ages before the Classical period

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Polis

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typical structure of a community in Greek. Consisted by urban centre, often fortified and with a sacred centre built, and controlled the surrounding land

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Classical Period

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Also the Hellenic period, corresponds to the 5th and 4th BC ( 510 BC The fall of the athenian tyrant to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC.

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Peloponnesian War

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War fought between Sparta and Athens. Athens grew more powerful and tension rose, escalating to nearly three decades of war.

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Hellenistic Period

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Marked by the death of Alecander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire in 31 BC.

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Pederasty

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Socially acknowledged erotic relationship between adult males and a younger male usually in the teens. Characteristic of Archaic and Classical Periods

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Hoplites

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Most common type of heavily armed foot-solider in ancient Greece.

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Parthenos

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Daughter of Staphylus and chrysothemis. Became a local goddess in Bubastus

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Miasma

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A contagious power.. that has an independent life of its own. Until purged by the sacrifical death of the wrongdoer, society would be chronically infected by catastrophe

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Narcissus

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Hunter, son of the river god Cephissus and the nymph Liriope. Showed those who loved him disdain and contempt

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Roman period

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Characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holding. 27BC-1453

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Etruscans

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Wife of Tinia, Mother of Hercle, patroness of Perugia. Member of the ruling triad of Etruscan deities.

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Potnia Theron

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The mistress of the Animals. Female divinities associated with animals

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Mesopotamia

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Name of the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system.

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Sumerians

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First urban civilization in the historical region of southern mesopotamia.

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An

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Sumerian Mythology; Sun God

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Inanna

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Sumerian goddess of love, beauty, sexual desire, fertility, knowledge, wisdom, war, and combat

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Enlil

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Sumerian god who decreed the fates. Temple located in Nippur.

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Enki

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Patron god of the city of Eridu,

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Semites

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Polytheistic religion which characterizes Mesopotamis

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Akkadians

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First ancient semetic-speaking empire of Mesopotamis

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Hebrews

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Designates the jews, who use the hebrew language

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Homer

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Semi-legendary author of the lliad and the odyssey. Two epic poems

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Epic

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Genre of poetry, in which heroes of great historical or legendary importance perform valorous deeds

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Hesiod

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Greek poet generally thought by scholars to have been active between 750 bc and 650 BC around the same time as homer

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Homeric Hymns

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Collection of thirty-three anonymous Ancient Greek hymns celebrating individual gods

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Humanism

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Greek art and literature puts the human experience at the center of events.

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Choral song

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homogenous, non-individualised group of performers, who comment with a collective voice on the dramatic action

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Tragedy

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Branch of drama that treats in a serious and dignified style the sorrowful or terrible events encountered or caused by a heroic individual.

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Aeschylus

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Ancient Greek Tragedian. Father of Tragedy.

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Sophocles

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One of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived. First plays were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those Euripides.

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Euripides

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Tragedian of classicals Athens. One of the few whose plays survived.

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Apollonius of Rhodes

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Author of Argonautica, an epic poem about Jason and the Argonauts and their quest for the Golden Fleece

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Library of Apollodorus

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Wrote The Library or Bibliotheca. A compendium of myth sourced from old Greek epic and the plays of the Tragedians

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Vergil

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Ancient Roman poet of the Augustan. Know for the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid

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Ovid

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Wrote the Metmorphoses comprising fifteen books and over 250 myths

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Metamorphoses

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15 books and over 250 myths, the poem chronicles the history of the world from its creation to the deification of Julius Caesar within a loose mythico-historical framework

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Cosmogony

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The branch of science that deals with the origin of the universe, especially the solar system

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Theogony

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Poem by Hesoid describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods. Written in epic dialect

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Chaos

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Refers to the formless or void state preceding the creation of the universe or cosmos in the Greek creation myths.

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Gaea

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Ancient mother of all life; the primal Mother Earth Goddess. Mother of Uranus from who she had bore the Titans themselves.

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Uranus

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Primal Greek god personifying the sky. Son and husband of Gaea

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Tartarus

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Deep abyss that is used as a dungeon of torment and suffering for the wicked. The prison of the Titans

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Eros

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Greek god of Love. Companion of Aphrodite. Self born

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Titans

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12 primeval deities. Six sons and six daughter are the children of uranus and Gaea.

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Cyclopes

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Three sons of uranus and Gaia. Imprisoned by their father into the underworld, who feared their strength.

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Hecatonchires

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Hundred- handed ones who had unfathomable strength, and fifty heads. Children of the Uranus and Gaea. Briareus, Cottus, and Gyges

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Cronus

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Youngest of the titans. Husband of Rhea and father of all the Olympians except ares and aphrodite

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Oceanus

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Eldest of the Titan children; Lord of the Seas and Oceans

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Rhea

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Queen of Heaven; Mother of the Gods

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Helius

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Second generation of Titan Gods; Palace is the Sun; Watcher of everything. God of the sun

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Eos

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Second generation Titan; Goddess of the Dawn

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Phaethon

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Son of Helius and mortal Women Clymene. God of the Failed sun

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Tithonus

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Lover of Eos; Given immortality by zeus but not eternal youth.

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Erinyes

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The furies; Infernal goddesses of Justice and vengeance

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Giants

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Later set of offspring of Uranus and Gaea. Also fought zeus and other gods during the Gigantomachy

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Sphinx

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Monster with the head of a woman, the wings of a griffin, and the body of aion. Stopped travelers on the road to thebes and posed them a riddle

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Cerberus

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Three headed dog that guarded the entrance of the Underworld, allowing the dead to enter but no one alive

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Chimera

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Three headed Hybrid Monster. Had the head and body of a lion, as well as the head of a goat that was attached to its back, and a tail that ended on a head of a snake

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Thetis

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Goddess of Justice, Loved by both zeus and poseidon but when she was destined to bear a son more powerful than his father, the gods gave her to Peleus

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Titanomachy

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Ten year series of battles fought in Thessaly, Consisting of most of the Titations and the Olympiads

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Atlas

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Titan who led the battle of Titanomachy and eventually was punished with holding up the heavens

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Typhoeus

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Most deadly monster known as the Father of All monster. 100 dragons head; Cast to the underworld by Zeus

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Typhonomachy

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Battle between zeus and Typhon

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Succession Myth

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Before human or animals; Revolves around cruel fathers, vengeful mothers and ambitious sons. Also delt with ethics of wrongful imprisonment

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Gigantomachy

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Desperate struggle between the Giants and the Olympiads. Gods prevailed through the aids of Heracles the archer

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Tiamat

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Mesopotamian Goddess of the Ocean

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Anu

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Sumerian God Sky father deity.

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Ea

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Mesopotamian god of wisdom farming building magic. Patron god of Eridu

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Marduk

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Lat generation Mesopotamian god. Patron of Babylon

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Prometheus

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Titan; Creator of Mankind and its greatest benefactor who gave the humans fire

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Pandora

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First human created by the gods; Tempted with Pandoras box which contained all evil that spread over the earth

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Deucalion

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Son of Prometheus; Survivor the great flood

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Pyrrha

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Wife of Deucalion; Other survivor of the Flood

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Hellen

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The peron from which all Greeks descended. Hence, the term Hellenes meaning greeks

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Eponym

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Words that are based on or derived from a name in Greek or Roman Mythology

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Zeus

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Sky and thunder god. Ruled the gods of Mount Olympus

Symbol: Thunderbolt, bull, oak tree

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Aegis

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A shield carried primarily by Zeus, sometimes Athena. Contained the Head of Medusa.

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Xenia

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Concept of Hospitality, the generosity, and courtesy shown to those who are far from home.

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Moerae

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The fates, were the white robed incarnations of destiny

Symbol: Wacing, Full, and Waning Moons

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Graces

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Aglaia (Brightness), Euphrosyne (Joyfulness) and Thalia (Bloom). Daughter of Zeus.

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Ganymede

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Trojan prince known for his beauty. Abducted by zeus to serve as cup-bearer to the Gods

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Poseidon

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God of the sea, earthquakes, and horses. Brother to Zeus and Hades which are supreme gods.

Symbol: Trident

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Hades

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God of the underworld.

Symbol: Scepter, Key, Cypress, Horned Helmet

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Anthropomorphism

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Attribution of human traits, emotions, and intentions to non-human entities.

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Nymphs

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Divine spirites who animate nature. Depicted often as beautiful, young nubile maidens who love to dance and sing.

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Apollo

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Son of Zeus and Leto. God of music; Depicted playing Golden lyre; Archer, God of healing, light, and truth

Symbol: Lyre, Bow and Arrow

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Delphi

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Site of the Delphic Oracle, and worship site of Apollo after he slew the Python.

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Delos

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Birthplace of Apollo and Artemis. Small island with out any particular advantages for habitation due to its barrennes and lack of water

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Pythia

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Oracle of Delphi; Priestess of the temple of Apollo. Possible prophet for apollo

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Cassandra

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Daughter of the kind of Troy. Taken captive by Agamemnon in the Mycenae and Death

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Sibyl at Cumae

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Priestess over Apollonian oracle at Cumae. Prophet 1 who received divine messages from Apollo

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Daphne

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Nymphe who had denied Apollos love and wanted to remain a Virgin.

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Asclepius

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Deity Healer of Soliders in Homer's Iliad. Demigod born of Apollo and Coronis. Weilds a serpent-entwined rod.

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Coronis

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Apollos lover. Mother of Asclepius. Killed by Artemis for having an affair.

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Hermes

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Messenger of Olympic gods and guide of the dead souls to the underworld. . Associated with luck, shepherds, athletes, thieves, and merchants.

Symbol: Winged Helmet

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Herm

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Sculpture with a head, maybe a torso, above a plain, with a squared lower section.

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Caduceus

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Staff carried by Hermes with wings and two snakes entwined. Ancient symbol of commerce.

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Psychopompos

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Creatures, spirits, angels, or deities in many religions whose responsibility is to escort newly deceased souls to the Afterlife. E.g. Hermes

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Argeiphontes

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Name given to Hermes after he slaid Argus

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Maia

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Oldest of Pleiades (companions of Artmeis). Mother of Hermes.

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Cyllene

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Oreiad-Nymph of Mount Kyllene in Arkadia. Wife of Pelasgos

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Pan

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God of the wild, hunting, and companion of the nymphs. Depicted as half human, half goat Claims victory of the gods was due to his shriek frightened the titan attackers

Symbol: Pan flut

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Hephaestus

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God of Blacksmiths. Forged all the weapons of the gods in Olympus. Cast from Mt. Olympus by Hera for his crippled appearance.

Symbol: hammer, an anvil, and a pair of tongs

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Lemnos

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The island of Hephaestus. Supposedly the location in which he landed when he was cast from from Mt. Olympus.

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Ares

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God of War. Represent the violent and physical untamed aspect of war. persuaded to support the Trojans after Aphrodite convinced him.

Symbol: Spear, helmet, dog, chariot, boar, vulture, Flaming Torch

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Hestia

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Virgin goddess of the Hearth, architecture, the ordering of demsticity. Daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Symbol: Fire

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Aphrodite

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Goddess of Sexual love and beauty. Instigated the Trojan War.

Symbol: Dove or seashells

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Cypris

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Another name for Aphrodite

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Cytherea

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Also another name of Aphrodite

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Hermaphroditus

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Son of Aphrodite and Hermes. Born both male and female.

Symbol: Staff topped with a pine cone. Or a Cup

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Priapus

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God of Fertility, protector of livestock, gardens fruit plants, and male genetalia. Permanent hard on. Depicted with over sized dong

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Pygmalion

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A sculptor who fell in love with a statue of Cyprus that he had carved

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Cinyras

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King of Cyprus. Gave a corselet to agamemnon as a guest-gift before they sailed.

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Myrrha

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Mother of Adonis. Turned into a myrr tree after having intercourse with her father

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Adonis

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Skilled hunter. Loved By Aphrodite and killed by a wild boar sent by Artemis

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Anchises

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Mortal lover of the Goddess aphrodite

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Artemis

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Goddess of virginity, the hunt, the moon, and natural envirionment. In love with Orion

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Potnia theron

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"The Mistress of the Animals. Used by Homor to describe female divinities associated with animals

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Niobe

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Wept continously, turning into a stone, after Apollo and diana killed her children as reprimance for arrogance

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Orion

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Giant huntsman who was the lover of Artemis. Vowed to kill every animal on earth which got his ass killed. Then placed in the sky by Zeus

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Actaeon

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Trained by the centaur Chiron. Transformed into a stag and kill by Artemis

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Callisto

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Nymph that was transformed into a bear and set among the stars.

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Athena

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Virgin goddess of Wisdom, reason, intelligent activity, arts and literature. Daughter of Zeus no mother.

Symbols: Aegis (shield with medusa head), Spear, distaff, Olive tree/Branch

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Arachne

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Talented mortal weaver who challenged athena in a weaving contest which she lost and was turned into a spider.