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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Infection
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the disease process produced by microorganisms.
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Resident flora
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microorganisms that normally reside on the skin and mucous membranes, and inside the resp. and gastrointestinal tract.
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Disease
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an alteration in body function resulting in a reduction of capacities or shortening of the normal life span.
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Virulence
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ability to produce disease.
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Communicable disease
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disease that can spread from one person to another.
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Pathogenicity
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the ability to produce disease; a pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease
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Opportunistic pathogen
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microorganism causing disease only in a susceptible individual.
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Asepsis
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freedom from infection or infectious material.
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Medical asepsis
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all practices intended to CONFINE a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth and spread of microorganisms.
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Surgical asepsis/sterile technique
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practices that keep an area or object FREE of ALL microorganisms AND spores
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Sepsis
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presence of pathogenic organisms or their toxins in the blood or body tissues.
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Bacteria
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the most common infection-causing microorganisms.
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Viruses
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nucleic acid-based infectious agents.
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Fungi
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infection causing microorganisms that include yeasts and molds.
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Parasites
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microorganisms that live in or on another from which it obtains nourishment.
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Colonization
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presence of organisms in body secretions or excretions in which strains of bacteria become resident flora but do not cause illness.
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Local infection
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infection that is limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain.
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Systemic Infection
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occurs when pathogens spread and damage different parts of the body.
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Bacteremia
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bacteria in the blood.
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Septicemia
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occurs when bacteremia results in systemic infection.
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Acute infection
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those that generally appear suddenly or last a short time.
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Chronic infection
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infection that occurs slowly, over a very long period, and may lasts months or years.
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Nosocomial infections
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infections that originate in a hospital.
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Health care associated infections (HAIs) |
infections that originate in any health care setting. |
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Endogenous
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developing from within.
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Exogenous
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developing from an outside source.
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Latrogenic infections
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infections that are the direct result of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.
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Reservoir
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source of microorganisms.
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Carrier
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a person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent and serves as a potential source of infection, yet does not manifest any clinical signs of disease.
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Vehicle-borne transmission
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transport of an infectious agent into a susceptible host via any intermediate substance. Ex: food (Indirect transmission)
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Vector-borne transmission
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transport of an infectious agent from an animal or flying or crawling insect that serves as an intermediate means via biting or depositing feces or other materials on the skin. (Indirect transmission)
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Direct transmission
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involves immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from person to person through touching, biting, kissing, or sexual intercourse. Also includes droplet spread if the source is within 3 ft of the host, such as sneezing, coughing, spitting, talking, etc.
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Compromised host
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any person at increased risk for an infection.
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Nonspecific defenses
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bodily defenses that protect a person against all microorganisms regardless of prior exposure.
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Specific/Immune defenses
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immune functions directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other infectious agents.
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Inflammation
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local and nonspecific defensive tissue response to injurious or infectious agent. Adaptive mechanism that destroys or dilutes the injurious agent, prevents further spread, and promotes repair of damaged tissue. Characterized by pain, swelling, redness, heat, and impaired function of the area if severe.
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Leukocytosis |
an increase in the number of white blood cells. WBC >11,000 Indicates infection and/or inflammation |
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Exudate
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purulent drainage, the second stage of inflammation. Consists of fluid that escapes from blood vessels, dead phagocytic cells, and dead tissue cells and the products that they release.
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Regeneration
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renewal, regrowth, the replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure and function. Third stage of inflammation.
Nervous, muscular, and elastic tissues have little capacity to accomplish this process. |
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Granulation tissue |
the early stage of the formation of fibrous scar tissue. It is a fragile, gelatinous tissue appearing pink/red due to the many newly formed capillaries. |
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Antigen
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substance that induces a state of sensitivity or immune responsiveness.
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Auto-antigen
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when antigen proteins originate in a person's own body.
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Humoral/Circulating immunity
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immune defenses that reside in the B-lymphocytes and are mediated by antibodies produced by B-cells.
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Antibodies/immunoglobulins
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part of the bodies plasma proteins that form from B-cells.
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Cultures
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laboratory cultivations of microorganisms in a special growth medium.
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Antiseptic
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agent that inhibits growth of some microorganisms.
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Disinfectants
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agents that destroy pathogens other than spores.
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Sterilization
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process that destroys all microorganisms, including spores and viruses. Four common methods are moist heat, gas, boiling water, and radiation.
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Blood-borne pathogens
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potentially infectious organisms that are carried in and transmitted through blood or materials containing blood.
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Standard/Universal precautions
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techniques to be used with all clients to decrease the risk of transmitting unidentified pathogens. Used in any situation involving blood, all body fluids, excretions, and secretions (except sweat), non-intact skin, and mucous membranes. Include hand hygiene, PPE (gloves, gown, eyewear, masks), safe injection practices, safe handling of potentially contaminated equip./surfaces, and resp. hygiene/cough etiquette.
Treat each patient as if they may have a contagious infection/disease until determined otherwise. |
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Isolation
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measure designed to prevent the spread of infections or potentially infectious microorganisms to health personnel, clients, and visitors.
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Sterile field
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microorganism free area.
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Occupational exposure
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skin, eye, mucous membrane, or paraenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employees duties.
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Assault
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can be described as an attempt or threat to touch another person unjustifiably. Assault precedes battery; it is the act that causes the person to believe a battery is about to occur.
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Battery
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is the willful touching of a person (or the person’s clothes or even something the person is carrying) that may or may not cause harm. To be actionable at law, however, the touching must be wrong in some way
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Breach of duty
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There must be a standard of care that is expected in the specific situation but that the nurse did not observe. For example, something was done that should not have been done or nothing was done when it should have been done. This is the failure to act as a reasonable, prudent nurse under the circumstances. The standard can come from documents published by national or professional organizations, boards of nursing, institutional policies and procedures, or textbooks or journals, or it may be stated by expert witnesses.
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Civil law
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the body of law that deals with relationships among private individuals. It can be categorized into a variety of legal specialties such as contract law and tort law
a.k.a. Private Law |
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Defamation
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communication that is false, or made with a careless disregard for the truth, and results in injury to the reputation of a person. Both libel and slander are wrongful actions that come under the heading of defamation.
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Delegation
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the process for a nurse to direct another person to perform nursing tasks and activities
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Do not resuscitate
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Primary care providers may order a “no code”/(DNR) for clients who are in a stage of terminal, irreversible illness or expected death. A DNR order is generally written when the client or proxy has expressed the wish for no resuscitation in the event of a respiratory or cardiac arrest. Many primary care providers are reluctant to write such an order if there is any conflict between the client and family members or among family members. A DNR order is written to indicate that the goal of treatment is a comfortable, dignified death and that further life-sustaining measures are not indicated.
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False imprisonment
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is the “unjustifiable detention of a person without legal warrant to confine the person”. False imprisonment accompanied by forceful restraint or threat of restraint is battery.
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Felony
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a crime of a serious nature, such as murder, punishable by a term in prison
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Harm
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The client or plaintiff must demonstrate some type of harm or injury (physical, financial, or emotional) as a result of the breach of duty owed the client. The plaintiff will be asked to document physical injury, medical costs, loss of wages, “pain and suffering,” and any other damages.
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Health care proxy
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also referred to as a durable power of attorney for health care, is a notarized or witnessed statement appointing someone else (e.g., a relative or trusted friend) to manage health care treatment decisions when the client is unable to do so.
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Informed consent
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an agreement by a client to accept a course of treatment or a procedure after being provided complete information, including the benefits and risks of treatment, alternatives to the treatment, and prognosis if not treated by a health care provider.
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Invasion of privacy
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is a direct wrong of a personal nature. It injures the feelings of the person and does not take into account the effect of revealed information on the reputation of the person in the community
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Liability
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the quality or state of being legally responsible for one’s obligations and actions and for making financial restitution for wrongful acts.
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Libel
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defamation by means of print, writing, or pictures.
EX: writing in the nurse’s notes that a primary care provider is incompetent because he did not respond immediately to a call.. |
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License
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legal permit that a government agency grants to individuals to engage in the practice of a profession and to use a particular title. Mandatory in all states for nurses to practice.
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Living will
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provides specific instructions about what medical treatment the client chooses to omit or refuse (e.g., ventilatory support) in the event that the client is unable to make those decisions.
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Malpractice
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“professional negligence,” that is, negligence that occurred while the person was performing as a professional. Applies to primary care providers, dentists, lawyers, and generally includes nurses. In some states nurses cannot be sued for this, only professional negligence. Professional negligence is often used interchangeably with this term.
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Negligence
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is misconduct or practice that is below the standard expected of an ordinary, reasonable, and prudent person. Such conduct places another person at risk for harm. Both non-medical and professional individuals can be liable.
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Gross negligence
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involves extreme lack of knowledge, skill, or decision making that the person clearly should have known would put others at risk for harm.
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Standards of care
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the skills and learning commonly possessed by members of a profession. Used to evaluate the quality of care nurses provide and, therefore, become legal guidelines for nursing practice. In nursing they can be classified into two categories: internal and external.
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Internal standards of care include:
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“the nurse’s job description, education, and expertise as well as individual institutional policies and procedures”
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External standards consist of:
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A) Nurse practice acts
B) Professional organizations (e.g., ANA) C) Nursing specialty-practice organizations (e.g., Emergency Nurses Association, Oncology Nursing Society) D) Federal organizations and federal guidelines (e.g., The Joint Commission and Medicare). |
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Statutory laws
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Laws enacted by any legislative body.
When federal and state laws conflict, federal law supersedes. Likewise, state laws supersede local laws. |
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Unprofessional conduct
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includes incompetence or gross negligence, conviction for practicing without a license, falsification of client records, and illegally obtaining, using, or possessing controlled substances. Having a personal relationship with a client, especially a vulnerable client, may fall under this category because the Code of Ethics for Nurses states that nurses are responsible for maintaining their professional boundaries. Certain acts may constitute a tort or crime in addition to this.
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Tort Law
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defines and enforces duties and rights among private individuals that are not based on contractual agreements. Some examples applicable to nurses are professional negligence, invasion of privacy, and assault and battery
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Accountability
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“answerable to oneself and others for one’s own actions”
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Advocate
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one who expresses and defends the cause of another.
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Attitudes
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mental positions or feelings toward a person, object, or idea (e.g., acceptance, compassion, openness). Typically, lasts over time, while a belief may last only briefly
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Autonomy
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refers to the right to make one’s own decisions. Nurses who follow this principle recognize that each client is unique, has the right to be who that individual is, and has the right to choose personal goals. People have “inward” if they have the ability to make choices; they have “outward” if their choices are not limited or imposed by others.
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Beneficence
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means “doing good.”
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Code of ethics
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a formal statement of a group’s ideals and values. It is a set of principles that (a) is shared by members of the group, (b) reflects their moral judgments over time, and (c) serves as a standard for their professional actions. They usually have higher requirements than legal standards, and they are never lower than the legal standards of the profession.
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Ethics
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refers to (a) a method of inquiry that helps people to understand the morality of human behavior (i.e., it is the study of morality), (b) the practices or beliefs of a certain group, and (c) the expected standards of moral behavior of a particular group as described in the group’s formal code.
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Fidelity
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means to be faithful to agreements and promises.
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Nonmaleficience
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the duty to “do no harm.”
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Nursing ethics
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refers to ethical issues that occur in nursing practice and holds nurses accountable for their ethical conduct.
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Professional values
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acquired during socialization into nursing from codes of ethics, nursing experiences, teachers, and peers. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2008) identified five essential traits: altruism, autonomy, human dignity, integrity, and social justice
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Responsibility
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the obligation associated with a right. See Table 4–2 for examples associated with each role. refers to “the specific accountability or liability associated with the performance of duties of a particular role”
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Veracity
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to tell the truth
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Airborne Precautions |
Droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns. Patient is preferably placed in AIIR. Use standard precautions in addition to N-95 mask (appropriately fitted) or respirator. Don all PPE before entering room and doff before leaving room EXCEPT mask. Mask is to be left on until outside the patient's room. Wash hands with soap/water or alcohol-based sanitizer before leaving room. |
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AIIR |
(Airborne infection isolation room) Single patient room that has negative air pressure, 6-12 air changes per hour, and either discharge air to the outside or a filtration system for the room air. |
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Examples of Airborne infections/diseases |
Tuberculosis, varicella, rubeola (measles), zoster in immune compromised patient or disseminated (spread) zoster. |
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Examples of infections/diseases that require the use of contact precautions |
C. Diff.; GI, Resp., skin, or wound infections or colonization with MDRO (multi-drug resistant organisms); E. Coli; Shigella; Hep A; diapered/incontinent patients; Resp. Syncytial Virus (RSV); parainfluenza virus; enteroviral inf. in infants/children; herpes simplex virus; impetigo; pediculosis; scabies; MRSA infection; Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE); Lice; VISA (Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus); Necrotizing fascitis; Major draining wounds |
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VRE (Vancomycin resistant enterococci) |
Requires Isolation until 3 cultures taken 1 week apart are negative; contact precautions in addition to gloves and gown during any direct care and touching of patient/environment, mask only if patient also has MDRO in sputum; wash hands with soap and water (no sanitizer) before leaving room. |
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C. Diff. (Clostridium difficile) |
Requires isolation until diarrhea resolves (not when toxin negative); use of contact precautions in addition to gloves and gown during direct patient care and touching patient/environment, mask only if patient has MDRO in sputum; wash hands with soap and water (no sanitizer) before leaving room. |
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Contact precautions |
Private room preferred or >3ft spatial separation between beds; gown and gloves required for all patient care that involves touching the patient and/or patient's environment; mask only needed if patient also has MDRO in sputum; don PPE before entering room and doff PPE before exiting room; typically can use soap/water or Alcohol based sanitizer to wash hands except with C. Diff and VRE |
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Droplet Precautions |
Droplet nuclei larger than 5 micron; private room preferred or >3ft spatial separation and drawing of curtain between beds; standard precautions; surgical mask required for patient if transported (in addition to resp. hygiene/cough etiquette) and for nurse during all close contact with patient; wash hands with soap/water or alcohol based sanitizer. |
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Examples of Diseases/Infections that require Droplet precautions |
Influenza, diphtheria (pharyngeal), mycoplasma pneumonia, pertussis, mumps, rubella, streptococcal pharyngitis, pneumonia, pneumonic plague, scarlet fever in infants and young children, R/O meningitis, Meningococcal pneumonia/sepsis |
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Moist heat sterilization |
uses steam under pressure bc it attains temperature higher than the boiling point; autoclave |
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Gas sterilization |
use of Ethylene oxide to destroy microorganisms by interfering with their metabolic processes. Advantages: good penetration and effectiveness for heat-sensitive items Disadvantages: toxicity to humans |
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Boiling water sterilization |
Most practical/inexpensive method for in the home. Minimum of 15 minutes is advised Disadvantage: spores and some viruses are not killed by this method. |
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Radiation sterilization |
Uses both ionizing (alpha, beta, and x-rays) and ionizing (UV light). Ionizing rad. is effectiviely used to sterilize foods, drugs, & other items sensitive to heat. Disadvantage: UV rays do not penetrate deeply. Equipment is very expensive Advantage: effective for items difficult to sterilize. |
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Category-specific Isolation precautions |
Use general isolation procedures in addition to the specific category procedures. 7 categories: strict, contact, respiratory, tuberculosis, enteric precautions, drainage/secretions precautions, and blood/body fluids precautions. |
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Disease-specific Isolation precautions |
Use general isolation procedures in addition to the use of private rooms with special ventilation or having client share a room with other clients with same disease, and gowning to prevent gross soilage of clothes. |
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Inflammatory Response |
Stage 1: vascular and cellular response Stage 2: exudate production Stage 3: reparative phase |
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Chain of Infection |
Etiologic Agent - microorganism Reservoir - place where the microorganism naturally resides Portal of exit - see Table 31-3 pg. 606 Method of Transmission - Indirect (vehicle-borne and vector-borne) and Direct Portal of Entry - often the same route that it left the reservoir but not always Susceptible Host - any person at risk for infection {compromised host is a person at an increased risk} |
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Lab Values indicative of infection and/or inflammation |
WBC > 11,000 (leukocytosis) WBC < 4,500 Increased/decreased specific types of WBCs in a differential count {Table 34-1 pg. 720} Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Urine, blood,sputum, or other drainage cultures that indicate presence of pathogenic microorganisms |
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What are vital signs?
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Assessment of vital or critical physiological functions
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Nurse's responsibility of vital signs?
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Accuracy
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When should you take vitals?
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Admission to hospital to get baseline
A visit to Healthcare provider Before/during/after surgery/procedure To monitor effects of meds or activities Change in condition |
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Accepted temp range for adults
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36°–37.5°C
96.8°–99.5°F |
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How does the body regulate temperature?
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Thermoregulation
*hypothalamus |
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Transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without contact between the two objects, mostly in the form of infrared rays
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Radiation
*cap on baby's head to prevent |
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Transfer of heat from one molecule to a molecule of lower temperature
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Conduction
*blanket on table, table warmed prior |
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Dispersion of heart by air currents
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Convection
*blanket on baby |
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Continuous vaporization of moisture from the respiratory tract and from the mucosa of the mouth and from the skin
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Evaporation
*blanket on baby |
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What factors influence temperature?
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*age
*stress *circadian rhythms *exercise *environment *hormones |
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Fever temp
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>38°C (100.4°F)
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Hyperpyrexia temp
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>41°C (105°F)
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Heat stroke temp
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>41.1°C (106°F)
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Pyrexia aka
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Hyperthermia
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Hypothermia temp
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<36°C
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Onset symptoms of pyrexia
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HR⬆RR⬆shivering, feeling cold/cold skin, goosebumps
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Course symptoms of pyrexia
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Absence of chills, warm skin, glassy eyes, photosensitivity, HR⬆, RR⬆,increased thirst, malaise
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Defervescence of pyrexia
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Flushed/warm skin, sweating, shivering, possible dehydration
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Symptoms of hypothermia
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HR⬇,RR⬇,decreased body temperature, server shivering (initially), child/chill feeling, pale waxy cool skin, frostbite (late), hypotension, decreased urinary output, lack of muscle control, disorientation, drowsiness progressing to coma
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Nursing interventions for pyrexia
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Monitor VS, assess skin color and temp, monitor labs (WBC), remove excess blankets, measure I & O's, reduce physical activity, administer antipyretics, provide oral hygiene, tepid sponge bath, provide dry clothes/linens
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Nursing intervention for hypothermia
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Provide a warm environment, provide dry clothing, apply warm blankets, keep limbs close to body, cover scalp, supply warm IV/PO fluids, apply warming pads
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What is a pulse?
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Rhythmic expansion of an artery produced when a bolus of blood is forced into it by contraction of the heart
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Normal pulse range
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60–100 bpm (avg. 70–80 bpm)
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What factors influence pulse rate?
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Age
Gender Exercise Fever Medications Hypovolemia/dehydration |
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What is cardiac output?
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CO=SV x HR
How much blood is pumped out in a minute lt/min On average 70 mL |
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Where do you assess heart rate?
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Radial pulse
Apical pulse |
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How and when to assess the apical pulse?
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APE To Man
Midclavicular, 4th intercostal |
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When should you take an apical pulse?
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*weak or irregular radial pulse
*rate is lease than 60 bpm |
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How to diagnose dysrhythmia or arrhythmia
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Diagnose with EKG
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PQRST
P= |
SA node fires
Arterial depolarization Electrical conduction through both atria |
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PQRST
QRS= |
Ventricular depolarization
Electrical conducting through the ventricles |
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PQRST
T= |
Ventricular repolarization (repair)
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Depolarization =
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Electrical activation
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Repolarization=
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Restoration, recovery
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Where do the leads go?
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RA (white)– R 2nd ICS
LA (black)– L 2nd ICS LL (red)– L 8th ICS midclavicular line V1 (brown)– lower R sternal border 5th ICS RL (green/ground lead)– below white |
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When do you assess peripheral pulse?
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*determine if equal on both sides
*evaluate blood perfusion to the extremities |
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How do you describe the peripheral pulse?
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0=absent/nonpalpable
1=weak 2=normal 3=increased 4=bounding |
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What to do if peripheral pulse is absent?
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*don't panic!
*assess/verify pulse |
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Costal breathing (thoracic)
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Involves the external intercostal muscles and other accessory muscles
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Diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing
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Involves the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm, observed by the movement of the abdomen.
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Normal inspiration and expiration
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Inspiration 1–1.5 sec
Expiration 2–3 sec |
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Respiration is controlled by:
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*Respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata and the pons of the brain
*chemoreceptors located centrally in the medulla and peripherally in the carotid and aortic bodies |
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Normal rate of breathing
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12–20 breaths/min
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What factors influence respiration?
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*exercise
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Respiration data that should be collected:
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*rate (eupnea, tachypnea,bradypnea,apnea)
*depth/volume hyperventilation/hypoventilation |
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What is arterial oxygen saturation?
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*arterial blood gas (ABG)
*oxygen saturation 95–100% Below 70% life threatening |
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What is BP?
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The pressure of blood as it is forced against arterial walls during cardiac contraction
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What is an avg BP reading?
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120/80
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What are the determinants of blood pressure?
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Pumping action of the heart
Peripheral vascular resistance Blood volume Blood viscosity |
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What factors influence BP?
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*age
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What do you listen for while using a stethoscope?
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Korotkoff's sounds
1, 4 and 5 |
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What factors influence accuracy of a BP reading?
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*inaccurate cuff placement
*inaccurate cuff size *repeating BP assessment too soon *deflating too quickly *deflating too slowly |
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What is hypotension? Orthostatic hypotension?
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A systolic reading consistently.
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Prehypertension numbers
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120–139/80–89
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Hypertension (1)
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140–159 or 90–99
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Hypertension (2)
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>160 or >100
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What is pain?
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An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage
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What are factors influencing pain?
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*physiological
Age Fatigue Genes Neurological function *social Attention Previous experience Family and social support *spiritual |
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How do you assess pain?
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*patients expression of pain
*characteristics of pain onset location |
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What are guidelines for recording VS?
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*record VS promptly on vs flow sheet, computer database, or nurses notes
*record associated findings and related factors in narrative firm in nurses notes *record position of patient, pulse, method and site of measurements *recited measurements of VS after administration of specific therapies in narrative form in nurses notes |
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What do you do when VS are abnormal?
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*FIRST VERIFY YOUR FINDINGS!
use manual if you did not the first time |
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Incident Report (unusual occurrence report) |
1. Identify client/employee by name, initials, and hospital or identificationnumber
2. Give the date, time, and place of the incident. 3. Describe the facts of the incident. Avoid any conclusions/blame.Describe the incident as you saw it. 4. Incorporate the client’s account of the incident by using direct quotes. 5. Identify all witnesses to the incident. 6. Identify any equipment by number and any medication by nameand dosage. *make note of the occurrence in patient's med. record but do NOT document that a incident report was filed. *The person who identifies that the incident occurred shouldcomplete the incident report. |
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Nursing Intervention in event of an accident |
1. First ASSESS the client & intervene to prevent injury.
2. If a client is injured, nurses must takesteps to protect the client, themselves, and their employer. 3. Follow facility policy |
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Factors affecting client safety |
Age & development Lifestyle Mobility and health status Sensory-perceptual alterations Cognitive awareness Emotional state Ability to communicate Safety awareness Environmental (health care setting, workplace, home, community, bioterrorism) |
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Nurses Role in Disaster Planning |
Focus of care changes from individual to the population. Be able to respond to disaster in community as well as keep clients already in health care setting safe. *Know and understand chain of command Be prepared to deal with the stress/being separated from their family for extended time Set up their own emergency plan with their family |
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Risk for Injury Assessment involves: |
1. Noting pertinent dictators in the nursing history and physical exam 2. Using specifically developed assessment tools 3. Evaluation client's home environment |
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Safety History should include: |
1. age and developmental level
2. general health status 3. mobilitystatus 4. presence or absence of physiological or perceptual deficits suchas olfactory, visual, tactile, taste, or other sensory impairments 5. alteredthought processes or other impaired cognitive or emotional capabilities 6. substance abuse 7. any indications of abuse or neglect 8. an accidentand injury history 9. client's awareness of hazards 10. client's knowledge of precautions at home and work 11. any perceived threats to safety |
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R A C E |
Rescue: If the area is safe to enter, protect and evacuate clientswho are in immediate danger. Alarm: Pull the fire alarm and report the fire details and locationto the hospital’s fire emergency extension. Confine: Contain the fire by closing the doors to all rooms andthe fire doors at each entrance to the unit. Extinguish: Extinguish the fire using the appropriate type of fireextinguisher OR Evacuate the area ifthe fire is too large for a fire extinguisher. |
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Types of fire extinguishers |
Class A: paper, wood, upholstery, rags, ordinary rubbish Class B: flammable liquids and gases Class C: electrical |
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P A S S |
Pull out the extinguisher’s safety pin.
Aim the hose at the base of the fire. Squeeze or press the handle to discharge the material onto the fire. Sweep the hose from side to side across the base of the fire until thefire appears to be out. |
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Carbon Monoxide Exposure symptoms: |
headaches, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, or loss of musclecontrol.
Prolonged exposure to CO can lead to unconsciousness,brain damage, or death. |
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4 phases of disaster planning |
1. mitigation 2. preparedness 3. response 4. recovery |
