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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Science
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Systematized body of knowledge derived from reason, experience, study, observation, and experimentation that seeks to determine the nature or principles of what is being studied.
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First axiom of the natural sciences
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the natural universe really exists and observed natural phenomena really are occurring.
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Second axiom of the natural sciences
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Nature is inherently ordered by definable and rational natural laws.
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Third axiom of the natural sciences
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Natural laws can be discerned and understood, either rationally(reason) or empirically(experience)
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Fourth axiom of the natural sciences
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natural phenomena have only natural, never supernatural causes.
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What is the first limitation of science when applied to other systems of knowledge?
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Its founded upon natural systems. Deriving away from these systems and objective knowledge places restraints on the application of science
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What is the Second limitation of science when applied to other systems of knowledge?
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Science plays no role in aesthetics or humanities.
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What is the Third limitation of science when applied to other systems of knowledge?
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Science plays no role in ethics or morals.
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What is the Fourth limitation of science when applied to other systems of knowledge?
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Science plays no role in religion or establishing divine truths.
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First step of scientific method and define
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Observe and collect information: Scientist collects information about some phenomena
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Second step of scientific method and define
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Formulate Hypothesis: Provide propisition or statement that seeks to provide a general explanation of the phenomena
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Third step of scientific method and define
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Test Hypothesis: Either by independent observation or a controlled experiment
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Fourth step of scientific method and define
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Conclusion: Hypothesis is accepted or rejected
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Who came up with the scientific method?
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Francis Bacon
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Define Induction
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Reasoning process by which a person uses specific individualistic observations and experiences to infer a general statement.
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Define Deduction
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Reasoning process by which a person uses a general premise to reach a specific conclusion.
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What are the two major schools of epistemology? |
Rationalism and empiricism |
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What are the origins of rationalism? |
Founded by Pythagoras: "It is by number and proportion that the world becomes known" based on reason |
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What are the origins of empiricism? |
Founded by Anaxagoras: "The visible is the key to what is not visible" Based on experience |
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Who took up Pythagoras's teachings and continued his work? |
Plato; Reinforced the interrelation between science and philosophy more generally. Believed that the universe was perfect and ideal. |
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Who took up Anaxagoras teachings and continued his work? |
Aristotle; Used "Pure" science- Studies natural phenomena simply to be able to describe, understand, and explain their nature. Nothing is necessarily inferred. |
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Criticisms of Greek empirical science |
Greeks seemed to have little interest in how scientific principles or discoveries could be applied to everyday life. Engineering and technology remained low.
-"All thinking", "no doing" |
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Give examples of some of Mesopotamia's sophistication in mathematics. |
-Multiplication tables -tables of reciprocals -squares -square roots -exponential tables for compound interest |
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Give basic explanation of Egyptian mathematics
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-Based on hieroglyphic writing system -founded on base of 10 -No evidence of 0 being used in their system |
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Why did the pre-Greek civilizations focus mainly on "calculations" instead of "mathematics?" |
Mesopotamian and Egyptian people seemed to conceive numbers in the abstract. They were not interested in proofs or formulas |
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What were some famous discoveries made by Pythagoras? |
-Pythagorean theorem -Musical Consonances - Irrational numbers |
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Why did the discovery of Irrational numbers trouble Pythagoras? |
Pythagoras and his teachings revolved around the idea that the universe was perfect and ideal. Irrational had no place in the world of rational. |
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What important work is credited to Euclid? |
The "Elements" which encapsulates all known Greek mathematics. Was the standard geometry textbook at many universities until the nineteenth century. |
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What was the Reconquista of Spain? |
The capture of Toledo with its library of Greek and Arabic manuscripts |
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What caused the Revival of Science in Western Europe? |
-Revival of Classical Knowledge and the spread -The Renaissance -The Age of Discovery -The Protestant Reformation |
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What contributed to the Revival of Classical Knowledge? |
-Reconquista of Spain -Crusades -St. Thomas Aquinas These events made ancient Greek manuscripts from Arabic and Byzantine sources available to Western Europeans |
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St. Thomas Aquinas ideas |
-Knowledge is contained in two "books": The Book of Scripture and the Book of Nature -Both books had the same "author" (GOD) |
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What was the Summa Theologica? |
Book by St. Thomas Aquina that let the Christine doctrine and Classical Greek philosophy to co-exist. |
