Exam 1

Front 1

Four components of the upper airway

Back 1

Nose, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx

Front 2

Four functions of the upper airway

Back 2

conductor of air, warm and humidify air, filter materials, speech and smell

Front 3

What is meant by nasal flaring?

Back 3

widening of the nostrils; a sign of respiratory distress

Front 4

Where will you find stratified squamous epithelium in the upper airway?

Back 4

oral cavity, laryngopharynx, larynx

Front 5

Where will you find pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in the upper airway?

Back 5

nasopharynx

Front 6

Where are the turbinates?

Back 6

the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

Front 7

How do turbinates function?

Back 7

they separate inspired air into different airstreams, and help humidify and warm

Front 8

What is another name for turbinates?

Back 8

conchae

Front 9

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

Back 9

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Front 10

Why is the nose an excellent route for the administration of topical drugs?

Back 10

there is a large quantity of blood vessels near the surface mucosa

Front 11

Where is the vallecula?

Back 11

between the glossoepiglottic folds on either side of the posterior oropharynx

Front 12

What does the vallecula identify?

Back 12

an important landmark for inserting an ET tube

Front 13

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Back 13

prevents aspiration by covering the opening of the larynx when swallowing

Front 14

What are the important anatomic landmarks of the laryngopharynx and larynx when inserting an ET tube

Back 14

Epiglottis, vallecula, esophagus, vocal folds, and trachea

Front 15

Vocal folds are also known as

Back 15

true vocal cords

Front 16

What is the treatment for post extubated laryngeal edema?

Back 16

aerosolized alpha andrenic drug, high humidity, vocal rest, cough medicine, throat spray, and avoidance of irritants

Front 17

What is LTB?

Back 17

Croup, a subglottic airway obstruction; cause by a virus, treated with aerosolized racemic epinephrine

Front 18

What is epiglottitis?

Back 18

a supraglottic obstruction; the epiglottis itself is inflammed, caused by infection and treated with antibiotics

Front 19

What are the ventilatory functions of the larynx?

Back 19

provide passage of air between the pharynx and the trachea, and provide protection again aspiration of liquids and solids

Front 20

What cells are present in the tracheobronchial tree?

Back 20

pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, broncial glands (submucosal glands)

Front 21

Where can you find pseudostratified columnar cells in the tracheobronchial tree?

Back 21

from the trachea to the bronchiaoles; end at the terminal bronchioles

Front 22

What cells degranulate and release substances that can cause bronchospasm?

Back 22

mast cells

Front 23

The bifurification of the trachea is known as the

Back 23

carina

Front 24

two distinct layers of mucous blanket in the lower airways

Back 24

gel and sol

Front 25

mucus is produced by

Back 25

goblet cells and submucosa glands

Front 26

The left mainstem bronchus angles off from the trachea at about

Back 26

40-60 degrees

Front 27

At what level in the tracheobronchial tree are cilia completely absent?

Back 27

respiratory bronchioles

Front 28

Where can you find submucosal glands?

Back 28

in the lamina propria

Front 29

Where do submucosal glands disappear?

Back 29

in the distal terminal bronchioles

Front 30

Clinical connection associated with excessive airway secretions

Back 30

air trapping, alveolar collapse, resistance to gas exchange

Front 31

Clinical connection associated with abnormal mucociliary transport mechanism

Back 31

chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis

Front 32

conducting zone

Back 32

filter, warm, humidify, and move air

Front 33

respiratory zone

Back 33

gas exchange

Front 34

Parts of the conducting zone

Back 34

trachea, mainstem bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, subsegmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Front 35

cartilaginous parts of the conducting zone

Back 35

trachea, mainstem bronchi, lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, subsegmental bronchi

Front 36

non-cartilaginous parts of the conducting zone

Back 36

bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Front 37

parts of the respiratory zone

Back 37

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

Front 38

Generation 0

Back 38

trachea

Front 39

Generation 1

Back 39

Mainstem bronchi

Front 40

Generation 2

Back 40

lobar bronchi

Front 41

generation 3

Back 41

segmental bronchi

Front 42

generation 4-9

Back 42

subsegmental bronchi

Front 43

generation 10-15

Back 43

bronchioles

Front 44

generation 16-19

Back 44

terminal bronchioles

Front 45

generation 20-23

Back 45

respiratory bronchioles

Front 46

generation 24-27

Back 46

alveolar ducts

Front 47

generation 28

Back 47

alveolar sacs

Front 48

three layers of the tracheobronchial tree

Back 48

epithelial lining, lamina propria, cartilaginous layer

Front 49

submucosal glands produce

Back 49

100ml of bronchial secretions per day

Front 50

trachea length

Back 50

11-13 cm

Front 51

trachea diameter

Back 51

1.5-2.5 cm

Front 52

right mainstem bronchus

Back 52

25 degree angle, wider, more vertical, shorter

Front 53

Type 1 cells

Back 53

95% of alveolar surface, 0.1-0.5 microns thick, major sites of gas exchange

Front 54

Type 2 cells

Back 54

produce surfactant

Front 55

pulmonary surfactant

Back 55

creates surface tension, prevents alveolar collapse

Front 56

pores of kohn

Back 56

small holes in the interalveolar septum, permit gas movement

Front 57

Type 3 cells

Back 57

alveolar macrophages

Front 58

sympathetic nervous system

Back 58

increase HR, relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, decreases secretions

Front 59

parasympathetic nervous system

Back 59

decreases HR, constricts bronchial smooth muscle, increases secretions

Front 60

upper lobe segments (r)

Back 60

apical, posterior, anterior

Front 61

middle lobe segments (r)

Back 61

lateral, medial

Front 62

lower lobe segments (r)

Back 62

superior, medial basal, anterior basal, lateral basal, posterior basal

Front 63

upper lobe segments, upper division (l)

Back 63

apical/posterior, anterior

Front 64

upper lobe segments,.lower division (l)

Back 64

superior lingula, inferior lingula

Front 65

lower lobe segments (l)

Back 65

superior, anterior medial basal, lateral basal, posterior basal

Front 66

muscles of inspiration

Back 66

STEPS

Front 67

STEPS

Back 67

scalene, trapezius, external intercostals, pectoralis major, sternomastoid

Front 68

Muscles of inspiration

Back 68

ITIRE

Front 69

ITIRE

Back 69

internal obliques, transverse abdominis, internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, external obliques

Front 70

structures that are contained in or pass through the mediastinum

Back 70

trachea, heart, major blood vessels, thymus, lymph nodes

Front 71

visceral pleura

Back 71

firmly attached to the outer surface of each lung

Front 72

parietal pleura

Back 72

lines the inside of the thoracic walls

Front 73

pleural cavity

Back 73

space between the membranes

Front 74

major structures of the sternum

Back 74

manubrium sterni, body of the sternum, xyphoid process

Front 75

joint between the manubrium and body of sternum

Back 75

manubriosternal joint, or angle of louis

Front 76

true ribs

Back 76

1-7

Front 77

false ribs

Back 77

8-10

Front 78

floating ribs

Back 78

11-12

Front 79

pleurisy

Back 79

inflamed pleura

Front 80

friction rub

Back 80

leather like, creaking sounds heard when inflamed pleura rub together

Front 81

pleural effusion

Back 81

fluid in the pleural cavity

Front 82

empyema

Back 82

pus accumulation where infection is present

Front 83

thoracentesis

Back 83

excess fluid accumulation is aspirated by needle through the chest wall

Front 84

pneumothorax

Back 84

air in the chest cavity

Front 85

puncture site for a thoracentesis

Back 85

slightly superior to the rib margin

Front 86

landmarks provided by angle of louis

Back 86

approximate level of second pair of costal cartilages, level of intervertebral disk between t4 and t5, beginning and end of aortic arch, bifurcation of trachea into right and left mainstem bronchi

Front 87

components of the bony thorax

Back 87

thoracic vertebrae, sternum, true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs

Front 88

diaphragm function

Back 88

major muscle of ventilation

Front 89

diaphragm separated into two

Back 89

right and left hemidiaphragms

Front 90

diaphragm pierced by

Back 90

esophagus, aorta, nerves, and inferior vena cava

Front 91

central tendon

Back 91

connective sheath where hemidiaphragms merge

Front 92

narrowing of the lumen, restricting airflow to and from the lungs

Back 92

bronchoconstriction

Front 93

expansion of the lumen, allowing more airflow

Back 93

bronchodilation

Front 94

the space between the true vocal cords

Back 94

glottis

Front 95

large main intrathoracic airway

Back 95

trachea

Front 96

bifurcation of the trachea into right and left main stem bronchi

Back 96

carina

Front 97

anatomic depression immediately beyond the base of the tongue

Back 97

vallecula

Front 98

air temporary held in the lower respiratory tract by closing the glottis during work...lifting, vomiting, bowel movements

Back 98

valsalva's maneuver

Front 99

hairlike projections that line mucus producing structures

Back 99

cilia

Front 100

nosebleed

Back 100

epitaxis

Front 101

inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes

Back 101

rhinitis

Front 102

inflammation of the sinus mucous membranes

Back 102

sinusitis

Front 103

nostril widening during inspiration

Back 103

nasal flaring

Front 104

acute, life threatening infection; croup

Back 104

epiglottitis

Front 105

abnormal crackling breath sounds caused by excessive secretions

Back 105

rhonchi

Front 106

position the patient to enhance to enhance gravitational drainage

Back 106

postural drainage

Front 107

submucosal glands-

Back 107

bronchial glands

Front 108

small holes in the walls of the interalveolar septa

Back 108

pores of kohn

Front 109

excess fluid accumulation is aspirated by needle through the chest wall

Back 109

thoracentesis

Front 110

aerosolized alpha adrenergic drug used to treat post-extubation laryngeal edema

Back 110

racemic epinephrine

Front 111

constriction of the blood vessels which increases blood pressure

Back 111

vasoconstriction

Front 112

dilation of the blood vessels which decreases blood pressure

Back 112

vasodilation

Front 113

grapelike structures that are the major site of gas exchange

Back 113

alveoli

Front 114

where most gas exchange takes place

Back 114

alveolar capillary membrane

Front 115

play an important role in immunological mechanism

Back 115

mast cells

Front 116

abnormal passage between two internal organs or leading from an internal organs to the surface of the body

Back 116

fistula

Front 117

a large artery that branches from the aortic arch and divides into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries.

Back 117

innominate artery

Front 118

pneumothorax most commonly caused by needle puncture; healthcare worker caused

Back 118

iatrogenic pneumothorax

Front 119

top or highest point

Back 119

apex

Front 120

sympathetic system

Back 120

fight or flight

Front 121

parasympathetic system

Back 121

rest and digest

Front 122

act as filters; produce monocytes and lymphocytes

Back 122

lymph nodes

Front 123

located intermittently between the pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar cells, identified down to the terminal bronchioles; produce mucous

Back 123

goblet cells

Front 124

located between the base of the tongue and the upper end of the trachea; vestibule opening into the trachea

Back 124

larynx (voice box)

Front 125

a narrow slit or cleft in an organ

Back 125

fissures

Front 126

prevents aspiration of food; "gag reflex"

Back 126

pharyngeal reflex

Front 127

cavity that houses organs and tissues in the center of the thoracic cage, between the lungs

Back 127

mediastinum

Front 128

The safe range for ET tube pressure cuff is

Back 128

20-25 mm Hg

Front 129

The end of the ET Tube should be _________ from the carina

Back 129

4-6cm