Exam 1

Front 1

What makes up tissue

Back 1

Group of specialized cells

Front 2

Caudal

Back 2

Towards the animals tail

Front 3

Cranial

Back 3

Towards the animals head

Front 4

Rostral

Back 4

Towards the animals nose

Front 5

Dorsal

Back 5

Towards the vertebral column

Front 6

Ventral

Back 6

Away from the vertebral column ; towards the abdomen

Front 7

Plantar

Back 7

Distal, caudal region of the pelvic limb

Front 8

Plantar

Back 8

Distal, caudal region of the pelvic limb

Front 9

Palmer

Back 9

Distal, caudal region of the thoracic limb

Front 10

Proximal

Back 10

Towards near to a point of origin or articulation

Front 11

Distal

Back 11

Away from a point of origin or articulation

Front 12

Deep

Back 12

Away from the surface of a region of the anatomical component towards its center

Front 13

Superficial

Back 13

At the surface or near the surface of a region of the anatomical component towards its center

Front 14

Prone

Back 14

Ventral down and dorsal is outermost

Front 15

Supine

Back 15

Dorsal is down and ventral is outermost

Front 16

Planes

Back 16

Imaginary lines that go through animals

Front 17

Median plane

Back 17

Divides the animal into equal mirror image parts

Front 18

Sagittal plane

Back 18

Parallel to the median plane

Front 19

Dorsal plane

Back 19

Plane that divides animal into dorsal and ventral halves

Front 20

Transverse plane

Back 20

Plane that is at a 90 degree angle to the median plane

Front 21

Medial plane

Back 21

Towards the median

Front 22

Medial plane

Back 22

Towards the median

Front 23

Lateral plane

Back 23

Away from the median

Front 24

Anatomy

Back 24

The science of form and structure

Front 25

Physiology

Back 25

The science of the integrated functions of the body and all of its parts including biochemical and biophysical processes

Front 26

What is a cell

Back 26

Basic unit of an animal

Front 27

3 main parts of a cell

Back 27

A. Cell membrane

•creates a barrier to control both entry and exit of particles and messages

B. Cytoplasm

•cellular fluid and the organelles

C. Nucleus

•contains the genetic material

Front 28

4 types of tissue

Back 28

A. Epithelium

•tissue that covers the surface of the body, lines a cavity, forms glands

B. Connective tissue

•tissue that connects other tissues, provides structural support and protection

C. Muscle tissue

•specialized tissue that facilitates movement

D. Nervous tissue

•consists of neurons, which conduct electrical impulses, and supportive neuroglia cells

Front 29

4 types of epithelial tissue

Back 29

A. Squamous- on surface suffering a lot of abrasions

1.simple squamous

2.stratified squamous

B. Cuboidal

•highly secretory, found where lots of secretion occurs i.e glands

C. Columnar- important for secretion and adsorption, found in digestive tract

1. Pseudo stratified columnar- appears to have more than one layer, found in respiratory tract

D. Transitional epithelial

•found in bladder, large amorphic cells

Front 30

3 types connective tissue

Back 30

A. Connective tissue proper

•classified as loose, includes fat and tissue, and dense tightly packed (tendons/ligaments)

B. Fluid connective tissue

•blood and lymph

*blood-RBC & WBC

*lymph-extra cellular fluid will have WBC

C. Supporting connective tissue

•includes cartilage and bone

Front 31

3 types of muscle tissue

Back 31

A. Skeletal (striated)

•movement is voluntary, facilitates skeletal movement, found in biceps

B. Smooth

•movement is involuntary also make up sphincters (anus)

C. Cardiac (striated)

•movement is involuntary branched and connected, only found in heart

Front 32

Components of the cell membrane

Back 32

A. Phospholipid bilayer

1. Protein moiety outside & inside the cell (hydrophilic)

2. Fatty acid tail between protein moiety (hydrophobic)

3. Creates a barrier to regulate cellular environment

4. Increase surface area

B. Large proteins

1. Transport substances across membrane

2. Binding/docking site for extra cellular messengers (hormones)

3. Assist in cell-to-cell contact

•cell adhesion molecules adherence of membrane to membrane

4. Cell type recognition

Front 33

Components of the cell membrane

Back 33

A. Phospholipid bilayer

1. Protein moiety outside & inside the cell (hydrophilic)

2. Fatty acid tail between protein moiety (hydrophobic)

3. Creates a barrier to regulate cellular environment

4. Increase surface area

5. Facilitate movement

B. Large proteins

1. Transport substances across membrane

2. Binding/docking site for extra cellular messengers (hormones)

3. Assist in cell-to-cell contact

•cell adhesion molecules adherence of membrane to membrane

4. Cell type recognition

Front 34

Microvilli

Back 34

•Small finger like extensions used for better absorption

•is part of the phospholipid bilayer

Front 35

Cilia

Back 35

•Long finger like extensions used to move material past cell surface

•is not part of the phospholipid bilayer

Front 36

2 types of protein channels

Back 36

1. Leaky channel

•unregulated

2. Gated channel

•regulated

Front 37

Carrier protein

Back 37

Carries a substance across the membrane (glucose transporter)

Front 38

Receptors

Back 38

Large proteins that span across the cell membrane to transmit a signal

Front 39

Lactase

Back 39

Enzyme that cleaves lactose

Front 40

Lactase

Back 40

Enzyme that cleaves lactose

Front 41

Lipase

Back 41

Enzyme that cleaves lipids

Front 42

2 types or categories of large membrane proteins

Back 42

1. Integral

•proteins that are firmly inserted into the membrane. May also span across the membrane, called transmembrane proteins (channels that allow entry/exit of molecules)

2. Peripheral

•bound to the surface of the cell membrane

Front 43

2 types or categories of large membrane proteins

Back 43

1. Integral

•proteins that are firmly inserted into the membrane. May also span across the membrane, called transmembrane proteins (channels that allow entry/exit of molecules)

2. Peripheral

•bound to the surface of the cell membrane

Front 44

Passive transport

Back 44

Does not require energy

Front 45

2 types or categories of large membrane proteins

Back 45

1. Integral

•proteins that are firmly inserted into the membrane. May also span across the membrane, called transmembrane proteins (channels that allow entry/exit of molecules)

2. Peripheral

•bound to the surface of the cell membrane

Front 46

Passive transport

Back 46

Does not require energy

Front 47

Active transport

Back 47

Requires the use of energy to transport across the cell membrane

•ATP-primary

•Kinetic-secondary

Front 48

Diffusion

Back 48

Passive molecular movement of solutes the rate is determined by:

•concentration gradient

*greater conc->lower conc

•size of molecules

*smaller=faster

•charges of the molecules

•temperature

*hotter temp=faster movement

•lipid solubility

*greater lipid content= ^ diffusion

Front 49

Facilitated diffusion

Back 49

Carrier system where one molecule passively crosses the membrane when another membrane passively helps it across the membrane

Front 50

Glucose transporter

Back 50

Function is to transport glucose across the plasma membrane

Front 51

Glut 1

Back 51

•RBC

•strong concentration

•increases uptake

Front 52

Glut 2

Back 52

•liver

•Bidirectional

•in->glycolysis

•out->gluconeogenesis

Front 53

Glut 3

Back 53

•neurons

•concentration gradient =>increases uptake

Front 54

Glut 4

Back 54

•Hormone responsive

•found in muscle and fat

•only activated when insulin is present

Front 55

Osmosis

Back 55

Passive movement of water molecules toward a solution containing a higher solute concentration

Front 56

Osmotic pressure

Back 56

Driving force that moves water from the side that contains a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration

Front 57

Hydrostatic pressure

Back 57

Physical, volumetric pressure created from osmosis

Front 58

Isotonic

Back 58

Same solute concentration on either side of the membrane barrier

Front 59

Hypotonic

Back 59

Bathing solution has a lower solute concentration

RBC lyse

Front 60

Hypertonic

Back 60

Bathing solution has a higher solute concentration

RBC crenation

Front 61

Primary transport

Back 61

Movement across the cell membrane that consumes energy in the form of ATP

Front 62

Secondary transport

Back 62

Movement across the cell membrane that consumes energy in the form of stored ionic concentration gradient

Front 63

Secondary transport

Back 63

2 carrier protein systems:

A. Antiporter-go in different directions

B. Symporter-go in the same direction

Front 64

Vesicle

Back 64

Phospholipid membrane spherical organelle

Front 65

Vesicle

Back 65

Phospholipid membrane spherical organelle

Front 66

What are the functions of vesicles

Back 66

A. Containment

B. Transportation

Front 67

Endocytosis

Back 67

Extracellular materials that move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

Front 68

Endocytosis

Back 68

Extracellular materials that move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

Front 69

Exocytosis

Back 69

Expulsion of materials from a cell through a vesicle that fuses with cell membrane

Front 70

Receptor mediated

Back 70

Small molecule binding to the surface of plasma membrane stimulating vesicle formation

Front 71

Receptor mediated

Back 71

Small molecule binding to the surface of plasma membrane stimulating vesicle formation

Front 72

Ligand

Back 72

Molecule that binds to a receptor

Front 73

Receptor mediated

Back 73

Small molecule binding to the surface of plasma membrane stimulating vesicle formation

Front 74

Ligand

Back 74

Molecule that binds to a receptor

Front 75

Phagocytosis

Back 75

Cellular engulfing of a large substance upon receptor notification

Front 76

Receptor mediated

Back 76

Small molecule binding to the surface of plasma membrane stimulating vesicle formation

Front 77

Ligand

Back 77

Molecule that binds to a receptor

Front 78

Phagocytosis

Back 78

Cellular engulfing of a large substance upon receptor notification

Front 79

Purpose of phagocytosis

Back 79

•immune cells to clear foreign substance from the body

•immune cells to clear damaged tissue

*forms a phagosome

-marked for death

Front 80

Lysosome

Back 80

•Digestive vesicle- programmed to hold until it's ready to release

•contains digestive enzymes

Front 81

Pinocytosis

Back 81

•Engulfing small amounts of fluid

•no receptors involved

Front 82

Transmembrane (electrical) potential

Back 82

•Potential difference across a cell membrane

•cells are polarized in charge

•measured in volts

Front 83

Potential difference

Back 83

Separation of + and - charges across the membrane

Front 84

Resting potential

Back 84

Transmembrane potential in an undisturbed cell

Front 85

Action potential

Back 85

Rapid, short-lived reversal in intracellular electrical potential

Front 86

Depolarization

Back 86

Resting membrane potential changes from negative to positive

Front 87

Nucleus

Back 87

Contains genetic material; DNA

Front 88

Nucleolus

Back 88

Contain genetic material for ribosomes

Front 89

Ribosome

Back 89

Specialized large protein that contains RNA

Front 90

Ribosome

Back 90

Specialized large protein that contains RNA

Front 91

Function of ribosome

Back 91

Synthesize proteins

Front 92

Ribosome

Back 92

Specialized large protein that contains RNA

Front 93

Function of ribosome

Back 93

Synthesize proteins

Front 94

mRNA

Back 94

•Messenger RNA

*genetic code to make a protein

Front 95

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 95

Phospholipid bilayer that is continuous with the nuclear membrane

Front 96

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 96

Phospholipid bilayer that is continuous with the nuclear membrane

Front 97

Smooth ER

Back 97

1. Stores Ca

2. Stores glycogen

3. Site of cholesterol synthesis

4. Site of lipid synthesis

Front 98

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 98

Phospholipid bilayer that is continuous with the nuclear membrane

Front 99

Smooth ER

Back 99

1. Stores Ca

2. Stores glycogen

3. Site of cholesterol synthesis

4. Site of lipid synthesis

Front 100

Rough ER

Back 100

1. Site of protein synthesis

2. Ribosomes attach to the surface

Front 101

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 101

Phospholipid bilayer that is continuous with the nuclear membrane

Front 102

Smooth ER

Back 102

1. Stores Ca

2. Stores glycogen

3. Site of cholesterol synthesis

4. Site of lipid synthesis

Front 103

Rough ER

Back 103

1. Site of protein synthesis

2. Ribosomes attach to the surface

Front 104

Golgi apparatus

Back 104

1. Packages synthesized molecules

2. Responsible for post synthesis modifications

Front 105

Mitochondria

Back 105

1. Energy making organelle

2. Responsible for producing ATP

Front 106

Mitochondria

Back 106

1. Energy making organelle

2. Responsible for producing ATP

Front 107

Brown fat

Back 107

•Found in neonates or hibernating animals

•loaded with mitochondria

Front 108

Mitochondria

Back 108

1. Energy making organelle

2. Responsible for producing ATP

3. Producing heat

Front 109

Brown fat

Back 109

•Found in neonates or hibernating animals

•loaded with mitochondria

Front 110

White fat

Back 110

Throughout a lifetime

Front 111

Osteogenic cell

Back 111

Produces progenitor cells

Front 112

Functions of osteogenic

Back 112

1. Make more Progenitor Cells

2. Transform into an osteoblasts

Front 113

Osteoblast

Back 113

Secrete bone matrix

Front 114

What does the Bone matrix consist of?

Back 114

1. Organic

•collagen (filler to trap minerals)

•glycosaminoglycan (scaffold)

1/3 of the bone matrix

2. Inorganic

•mineral-(Fe, Na, Mg)

*calcium phosphate- 80%

*calcium carbonate- 20%

Front 115

Osteocyte

Back 115

Mature bone cell

Origin=hematopoietic cell line

Lysosomal enzymes-break down organic part

Phosphoric acid-break down mineral

Front 116

Osteon

Back 116

Circular region of living bone tissue

Front 117

Central canal

Back 117

Houses a blood vessel

A. Bringing nutrients to tissue

B. Taking waste away from tissue

Front 118

Lacunae

Back 118

Location of the cell body of an osteocyte

Front 119

Canaliculi

Back 119

Walled in cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes

•connect to the central for the transfer of nutrients & waste

Front 120

What makes up the inner and outer parts of the bone cell and what are they made up of?

Back 120

Periosteum & Endosteum which are made up of osteogenic cells

Front 121

Osteology

Back 121

Study of bones

Front 122

Functions of bones

Back 122

1. Protection

•skull & vertebral column

•rib cage

•pelvis

2. Shape/Form

•external structure and appearance

3. Leverage

•assist in movement by providing an attachment site for muscles

4. Blood formation

•platelets, RBC, and WBC in red marrow

5. Lipid storage

•in yellow marrow

6. Mineral storage

•65% inorganic substances