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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anatomy
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study of structure
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physiology
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study of function
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anterior/posterior
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from the front/toward the front
from the back/toward the back |
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superior/inferior
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from above/toward the head
from the bottom/toward the ground |
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lateral/medial
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from the sides (toward midline)/away from midline
from the midline (toward sides)/toward midline |
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superficial/deep
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toward the surface
closer to axis of body |
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axial portion of human body
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- head and trunk
- includes cranial, thoracic, and abdominal cavities |
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diaphragm
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- muscle for INHALATION
- separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity - insert: central tendon - innervated: phrenic nerve (spinal nerve) |
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mediastinum
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- lies medial in thoracic cavity
- contains: heart, esophagus, and trachea |
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building blocks of human body
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cells -> tissues -> organs -> systems
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appendicular skeleton
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lower and upper limbs
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4 types of tissue
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- epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
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epithelial tissue of integumentary system
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- skin like, thin, often porous (holes)
- flexible layers with minimal extra-cellular matrix - surface of body and lining of internal organs - ex: skin, lining of mouth & larynx, lining of esophagus - function: barrier |
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connective tissue of skeletal system
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- complex layers of cells with dense extra-cellular matrix
- throughout body - ex: bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons - function: support & protection - 2 types: cartilage & bone |
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cartilage
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- connective tissue
- strong but felxible - 3 types of cartilage: hyaline, fibrous, elastic |
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bone
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- strong & rigid
- connective tissue - dense extra-cellular matrix made up of inorganic salts to provide structure - NOT flexible |
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hyaline cartilage
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- firm, but slightly bendable
- found in larynx, thorax, and between bones |
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fibrous cartilage
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- contains white/firm fibers and yellow/flexible fibers
- found in intervertebral discs & joint of jaw |
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elastic "yellow" cartilage
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- the most flexible
- contains elastic fibers - bendable, but rebounds back into place - found in pinna and epiglottis - little more rigid than skin |
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nervous tissue
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- collection of specialized cells for electrochemical communication that can receive/send info by nerve impulses
- throughout body - CNS: brain & spinal column (housed within skull & vertebral column) - PNS: nerves &sensory organs throughout body (outside of skull & vertebral column) |
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muscular tissue
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- collection of specialized cells that contract
- 3 types: striated, smooth, cardiac - located throughout body - function: movement |
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striated muscular tissue
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- skeletal
- voluntary - looks like stripes |
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smooth
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- digestive
- semi autonomic - "autopilot" |
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cardiac
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autonomic
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fascia
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- surrounds organs, sheet-like membrane
- kind of like skin |
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ligament
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binds organs, bones; holds structures in place
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tendon
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attach muscle to bone or muscle to cartilage
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bones
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skeletal support, protect organs and soft tissue
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articulation
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joining between bones
"how things come together" |
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joint
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- bone to bone/cartilage to cartilage
- 3 types: synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous |
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3 parts of motor unit
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1) motor neuron
2) neuromuscular junction (synapse or motor end plate, where axon of motor neuron ends and transmits signal to...) 3) muscle fiber (one of several fibers grouped together within a muscle, which will contract when signal is received) |
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motor unit
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combination of muscle and nerve tissue
- communicate message from CNS to muscle - allows muscles to actively contract, passively relax |
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3 major functions of the respiratory system
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- breathing for life (oxygen in, co2 out, 40% inhalation, 60% exhalation, circulation of 02 to blood/heart)
- protect airway (cough) - speech production (helps generate "source" for speech, 90% exhalation, 10% inhalation) |
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breathing for life requires 5 stages to provide adequate oxygen to boy
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- ventilation: moving air in and out of air passageways
- distribution: distribute o2 to all parts of lungs, through increasingly smaller passageways - diffusion: gas exchange, o2 into blood, c02 out - perfusion: availability of red blood cells to carry o2 from the lungs out to body - circulation: heart's ability to pump oxygenated blood to various parts of body |
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costal
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refers to ribs
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chondral
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refers to something made of cartilage
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facet
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a small, smooth surface on a bone where it meets another bone
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process
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a projection from the main part of a bone
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foramen
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a hole
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vertebral column (5 levels)
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- cervical vertebrae (7)
- thoracic vertebrae (12) - lumbar vertebrae (5) - sacral vertebrae (5) - sacrum - coccygeal vertebrae (4) - coccyx |
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c1
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atlas (holds head)
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c2
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axis (helps turn head)
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ribs
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- posterior attachment - vertebral column
- anterior attachment - sternum - 7 true ribs, 3 false ribs, 2 floating ribs - shaped like barrel, dip downward - ribs move up and out (bucket handle), up and out anteriorly (like water pump handle) |
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sternum
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3 parts (from top to bottom)
- manubrium, corpus, xiphoid process |
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pectoral girdle
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- support for supper extemities
- attachment for some respiratory muscles - scapula & clavicle |
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pelvic girdle
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- support for lower extremities - attachment for some respiratory muscles - 3 bones: ilium (hip bone), ischium, pubis |
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lung tissue
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specialized for gas exchange
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right lung
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3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior
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left lung
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2 lobes
- houses heart |
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plura
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- lung covering
- 2 types: visceral & parietal - provide airtight seal between lungs & thoracic cavity |
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visceral plurae
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coats surface of lungs
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parietal plurae
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coats lining of thoracic cavity (thorax)
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functions of passageways
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- allow airflow into lungs for gas x/c
- filter incoming air - expel contaminants - big to small: trachea -> bronchi -> terminal bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveoli |
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trachea
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- anterior to esophagus
- bottom = carina - top = first tracheal cartilage - lined with cell tissue containing cilia |
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bronchi
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- 2 main bronchi
- left bronchus: 50 degrees - right : 25 degrees - lined with cell tissue containing cilia |
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alveoli
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- air sacs allow gas x/c with blood
- 300 million alveoli - terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts, alveolar ducts end at multiple alveoli |
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inhalation muscles
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- diaphragm (for breathing at rest & active breathing)
- active breathing requires additional muscles |
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accessory inhalation muscles
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1) external intercostals mm. (connect ribs, outer layer, action = elevate ribs, interosseous portion of ribs only)
2) interchondral portion of internal intercostals mm(interchondral portion only, connect between ribs, inner layer, elevate ribs) 3) sternocleidomastoid m. - part of neck, connect rib cage to skull (action: elevate rib cage) 4) scalenes - neck muscles that connect upper ribs to cervical vertebrae in neck 5) pectoralis major & minor - connect from shoulder to exterior of rib cage 6) levator costarum - connect between thoracic vertebrae & ribs 7) serratus posterior superior - back of chest, posteriorr, and at the top of the rib cage (superior) |
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exhalation: quiet breathing
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- compress rib cage
- natural recoil to return to relaxed resting state - requires no muscular effort |
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forced exhalation: active breathing
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- muscle action required to "squeeze" air out
- uses thoracic and abdominal muscles |
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active breathing: thoracic muscles of forced exhalation
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1) internal intercostals: INTEROSSEOUS PORTION, inner layer, connect between ribs, depresses ribs (down & in)
2) transverse thoracis m. : inside rib cage, depresses ribs (down & in) |
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active breathing: abdominal muscles of forced exhalation
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- abdominal mm. form a tube that provides support and compression to the abdominal cavity (3 layers: transverse abdominis, internal abodiminal oblique, external abdominal oblique)
- insert onto tendons 1) rectus abdominis: connects from pubic bone to below rib cage, compresses thorax 2) transverse abdominis m. - most inner 3) internal abdominal oblique m. - inner 4) external abdominal oblique m. - most outer |
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3 dimensions to expand lung volume for quiet breathing:
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- push abdomen down
- pull rib cage up - move rib cage out |
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3 dimensions to expand lung volume for active breathing
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- muscle moves bones
- bones moves thorax - thorax moves lungs |
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developmental changes in respiration
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- airway passages grow in length & diameter
- thorax expands & lungs stretch to fill thoracic cavity - respiratory rate slows: infants 40-70bpm, 5 y.o 20 bpm, adults 12-18 bpm |
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boyles law
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- volume and pressure are inversely related
- increase volume -> decrease pressure - decrease volume -> increase pressure inhalation: expand rib cage -> increase volume -> decrease pressure -> air moves in exhalation: compress rib cage -> decrease volume -> increase pressure -> air moves out |
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positive pressure
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created when there is build up of air in container
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negative pressure
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created when there is decrease of air within a container
volume & capacity vary across individuals by age, gender, height, and body size |
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1 respiratory cycle
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1 inhalation + 1 exhalation (normal)
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tidal volume (tv)
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amount of air exchanged in a respiratory cycle
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inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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amount of air inhaled beyond tidal inhalation (aka extra inhalation after tidal volume)
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inspiratory capacity (IC)
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amount of air you can inhale beyond normal (tidal) inhalation
- theoretical |
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expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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amount of air exhaled after tidal exhalation (aka extra exhale)
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vital capacity (vc)
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total amount of air possible that can be inhaled after maximum exhalation
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residual volume (RV)
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- in adults
- amount of air remaining after maximal exhalation |
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functional residual capacity (FRC)
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amount of air remaining in lungs after passive exhalation
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total lung capacity
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total amount of air in lungs available for gas exchange
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subglottal pressure
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required to vibrate vocal cords (opens and closes vocal cords)- minimum pressure required 3-5cm- typical conversational pressures: 7-10 cm
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breathing for speech: altering volume & intonation/pitch...
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by making slight modifications to exhalation pressures
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diaphragm: sternal head
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origin: xiphoid process
insertion: central tendon of diaphragm innervation: phrenic nerve (c3-5) action: pulls thorax down, expands lungs vertically |
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diaphragm: corpus head
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origin: ribs 7-12
insertion: central tendon of diaphragm innervation: phrenic nerve (c3-5) action: pulls thorax down, expands lungs veritcally |
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diaphragm: vertebral head
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origin: lumbar vertebrae
insertion: central tendon of diaphragm innervation: phrenic nerve (c3-5) action: pulls thorax down, expands lungs veritcally |
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external intercostal
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accessory muscle of inhalation origin: inferior surface of upper ribsinsertion: superior surface of lower rib action: elevate ribs |
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internal intercostal (interchondral portion)
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accessory muscle of inhalation
origin: inferior surface of ribs insertion: superior surface of lower rib action: elevate ribs |
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sternocleidomastoid
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accessory muscle of inhalation
origin: mastoid process of temporal bone insertion: sternum/clavicle action: elevate ribs |
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scalene
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accessory muscle of inhalation
elevates ribs 1 & 2 |
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pectoralis (major and minor)
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accessory muscle of inhalation
elevates and expands rib cage |
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levator costarum
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accessory muscle of inhalation
elevate rib cage |
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serratus posterior superior
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accessory muscle of inhalation
elevate ribs 2-5 |
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internal intercostal (interosseous portion only)
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muscle of FORCED exhalation
origin: superior surface of lower rib insertion: inferior surface of ribs (bony parts) action: depress ribs (down and in) |
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transvers thoracis
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muscle of FORCED exhalation
lowers rib cage |
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rectus abdominis
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muscle of FORCED exhalation
(6pack abs) lowers rib cage |
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transversus abdominis
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muscle of FORCED exhalation
compresses abdomen - most inner muscle (compared to internal and external abdominal obliques) |
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abdominal obliques (internal and external)
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muscle of FORCED exhalationcompresses abdomen
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