Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
ethics |
study of moral conduct standards of right/wrong that say what humans ought to do
|
|
|
moral standing |
your interests constitute morally good reasons why you may/may not be treated in certain ways |
|
|
2 viewpoints of moral standing |
rational sentient beings |
|
|
5 ethical theories of animal use |
contractarianism utilitarianism animal rights relationalism respect for nature
|
|
|
contractarianism |
motivation is driven by self-interests and mutual agreement human centered (b/c animals can't "contract in") |
|
|
utilitarianism |
emphasizes outcomes/consequences instrumental value (worthwhile b/c lead to something good) |
|
|
Peter Singer |
utilitarianism all beings w/ interests deserve = consideration |
|
|
animal rights |
self-awareness intrinsic value (worthwhile for own sake) |
|
|
Tom Regan |
animal rights all living things have moral rights |
|
|
relationism |
group of theories based on duties |
|
|
respect for nature |
moral concern for entire species |
|
|
3 types of welfare concerns
|
biological functioning
affective states naturalness |
|
|
biological functioning
|
measures of health/performance
ex: lameness |
|
|
affective states
|
positive an/or negitive feelings/emotions
ex: pain reduction |
|
|
naturalness
|
expression of natural behaviors
ex: calf feeding |
|
|
need
|
fundamental requirement in biology of animal
|
|
|
five freedoms
|
from hunger and thirst
from discomfort from pain and suffering to express normal behavior from fear and distress |
|
|
behavior
|
anything an animal does in response to a stimulus
|
|
|
2 types of behavior
|
learned
innate |
|
|
5 types of learned behavior
|
habituation
imprinting operant conditioning classical conditioning insight |
|
|
habituation
|
long-term, stimulus-specific waning of a response
|
|
|
imprinting
|
forming social attachment to another object
|
|
|
operant conditioning
|
learned by trial and error
rewards strengthen behavior, punishments diminish Skinner's mice |
|
|
classical conditioning
|
learned by association
Pavlov's dogs |
|
|
insight
|
using previous experience to respond to a new situation
most complex learning |
|
|
agency
|
engaging actively with environment
gathering knowledge/skills for future use |
|
|
competence
|
possession of skills, knowledge, qualifications
applying strategies to deal with novel challenges |
|
|
3 ways agency/competence is expressed
|
problem solving
exploration play |
|
|
environmental enrichment (EE)
|
altering environment of captive animal to increase behavioral dversity and welfare
|
|
|
4 benefits of EE
|
promote species-specific behavior
increase ability to cope w/ challenges reduce frequency of abnormal behaviors increase positive interaction w/ environment |
|
|
4 limitations of EE
|
variable success due to negative early experiences
individual variation/preferences disturbances may inhibit use cost/labor expenses |
|
|
2 approaches to EE
|
naturalistic (zoos)
behavioral (farms & marine parks) |
|
|
Homeostasis
|
regulating the body's substance/characteristics at an optimal level
|
|
|
3 parts of ingestive behavior
|
appetitve - behavior that locates food
consummatory - behaviors that consume food affected by diurnal rhythms, social factors, inputs to brain |
|
|
appetite
|
controlled by gut-brain peptide hormones and regulatory pathways
|
|
|
3 short-term appetite regulators
|
ghrelin
peptide YY cholecystokinin (CCK) |
|
|
ghrelin
|
hunger
secreted by parietal cells of empty stomach primes body to use nutrients |
|
|
peptide YY
|
satiety
secreted by enteroendocrine cells in ileum and colon "ileal break" that slows stomach emptying |
|
|
cholecystokinin (CCK)
|
satiety
secreted by enteroendocrine cells of duodenum and jejunum |
|
|
2 long term appetite regulators
|
leptin
insulin |
|
|
leptin
|
satiety
secreted by adipocytes in proportion to body fat stores |
|
|
insulin
|
satiety
secreted by pancreatic beta cells regulates blood glucose in absorptive state |
|
|
hypothalamus
|
receptors in arcurate nucleus for gut-brain peptides that regulate relase of:
neuropeptide Y melanocortin |
|
|
neuropeptide Y
|
hunger
stimulated by ghrelin inhibited by PPY, leptin, and insulin |
|
|
melanocortin
|
satiety
stimulated by leptin and CCK |
|
|
absorptive state
|
4 hr window
time of nutrient absorption and use for energy |
|
|
glucose storage
|
short term energy reservoir in liver and muscles
stored as glycogen |
|
|
glycogenesis
|
building glycogen from glucose
|
|
|
glycogenolysis
|
breaking down glycogen
|
|
|
post-absorptive state
|
homeostasis of glood glucose critical to brain
|
|
|
glucagon
|
regulates blood glucose in post-absorptive state
|
|
|
4 types of food restrictions
|
qualitiative restriction
quantatative restriction under nutrition malnutrition |
|
|
qualitative restriction
|
access to low quality food
reduced caloric intake |
|
|
quantitative restriciton
|
restricting amount of high quality food, time when food is available, or access to food
|
|
|
under nutrition
|
failure to obtain nutrients
body reserves must be used |
|
|
malnutrition
|
given food that is deficient/excessive in nutrients
|
|
|
2 types of thirst
|
osmometric thirst
volumetric thirst |
|
|
osmometric thirst
|
tonicity of interstitial fluid increases, water drawn out of cells
|
|
|
volumetric thirst
|
stimulated by low blood or blood plasma volume
|
|
|
intracellular fluid
|
fluid w/in cells
|
|
|
extracellular fluid
|
fluid outside cells
|
|
|
hypertonic
|
higher [] of solutes outside cell
water drawn out of cell |
|
|
hypotonic
|
lower [] of solutes inside cell
water drawn into cell |
|
|
isotonic
|
solute [] inside cell = solute [] outside cell
|
