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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Child Development
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a field of study devoted to understanding all aspects of human constancy and change from conception through adolescence
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Developmental Science
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an interdisciplinary field devoted to the study of all changes we experience throughout the lifespan
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Theory
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an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior
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Continuous Development
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a view that regards development as a cumulative process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with
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Discontinuous Development
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a view of development as a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times
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Stage
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a qualitative change in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterizes a specific period of development
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contexts
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unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in markedly different paths of change
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Nature-Nurture Controversy
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debate among theorists about whether genetic or environmental factors are more important in development
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Resilience
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the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development
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Tabula Rasa
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Locke's view of the child as a "blank slate" whose character is shaped entirely by experience
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Noble Savage
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Rousseau's view of the child as naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong and an innate plan for orderly, healthy growth
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Maturation
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a genetically determined, naturally unfolding course of growth
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Normative Approach
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an approach in which agerelated averages are computed to represent typical development
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Psychoanalytic Perspective
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Freud's view of personality development, in which children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. The way these conflics are resolved determines psychological adjustment
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Psychosexual Theory
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Freud's theory, which emphasizes that how parents manage children's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years or life is crucial for healthy personality development
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Psychosocial Theory
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erkson's theory, which emphasizes that at each Freudian stage, individuals not only develop a unique personality but also acquire attitudes and skills that help them become active, contributing members of their society
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Behaviorism
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an approach that regards directly observable events-stimuli and responses-as the appropriate focus of study and that views development of behavior as taking place through classical and operant conditioning
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Social Learning Theory
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an approach that emphasizes the role of modeling, or observational learning in the development of behavior
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Behavior Modification
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procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses
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Cognitive-Developmental Theory
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an approach introduced by Piaget that views children as actively constructing knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world and that regards cognitive development as taking place in stages
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Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
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an area of investigation that brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing child's cognitive processing and behavior patterns
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Ethology
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an approach concerned with the adaptive, or survival value of behavior and its evolutionary history
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Sensitive Period
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a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental indluences
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Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
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an approach that seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as those competencies change with age
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Sociocultural Theory
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Vygotsky's theory, in which children acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community's culture through cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of their society
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Ecological Systems Theory
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Bronfenbrenner's approach, which views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment, from immediate settings of family and school to broad cultural values and programs
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Microsystem
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in ecological system theory, the innermost level of the environment consisting of activities and interaction patterns in the child's immediate surroundings
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Mesosystem
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in ecological systems theory, connections between children's immediate settings
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Exosystem
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in ecological systems theory, social settings that do not contain children but that affect children's experiences in immediate settings. Examples are parents' workplace health and welfare services available in the community and parents' social networks
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Macrosystem
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inecological systems theory, cultural values, laws, customs, and resources that influence experiences and interactions at inner levels of the environment
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Chronosystem
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in ecological systems theory, temporal changes in children's environments, which produce new conditions that affect development. These changes can be imposed externally or ariese from within the child
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Dynamic Systems Perspective
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a view that regards the child's mind, body, and physical and social worlds as a dynamic, integrated system. A change in any part of the system leads the child to reorganize his behavior so the various components of the system work together again but in a more complex and effective way
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Naturalistic Observation
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a method in which the researcher goes into the natural environment to observe the behavior of interest
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Structured Observations
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a method in which the investigator sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has an equal opportunity to display the response
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Clinical Interview
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an interview method in which the researcher uses a flexible, conversational style to probe for the participant's point of view
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Structured Interview
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an interview method in which each participant is asked the same questions in the same way
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Clinical or case Study Method
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a method in which the researcher attempts to understand an individual child by combining interview data, observations, and sometimes test scores
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Ethnography
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a method in which the researcher attempts to understand the unique values and social processes of a culture or a distinct social group through participant observation-living with its members and taking field notes over an extended period of time
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Correlational Design
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a research design inwhich the researcher gathers information on individuals without altering participants' experiences and then examines relationships between variables. Does not permit inferences about cause and effect
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Correlation Coefficient
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a number, rangin from +1.00 to -1.00 that describes the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables
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Experimental Design
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a research design in which the investigator randomly assigns participants to treatment conditions. Permits inferences about cause and effect
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Independent Variable
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the variable the researcher expects to cause changes in another variable in an experiment
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Dependent Variable
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the variable the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable in an experiment
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Random Assignment
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an unbiased procedure for assigning participants to treatment groups, which increases the chances that participants' characteristics will be equally distributed across treatment conditions in an experiment
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Longitudinal Design
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a research design in which participants are studied repeatedly at different ages
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Cohort Effects
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the effects of cultural-historical change on the accuracy of longitudinal and cross-sectional findings. Children born in a particular time period are influenced by a particular set of cultural and historical conditions
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Cross-Sectional Design
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a research design in which groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time
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Sequential Design
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a research design in which several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (called sequences) are conducted at varying times
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Microgenetic Design
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a rsearch design in which investigators present children with a noves task and follow their mastery over a series of closely spaced sessions
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