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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Levels of Analysis
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Global,
Domestic, Individual |
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Purpose of Theory
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- Need to simplify to understand
- Generalizations and uniformity |
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Hypothesis
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a potential but UNPROVEN answer to a question
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Rationalist Methodology
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"x + y = z"
Always a definite answer |
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Counterfactual Reasoning
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a method of testing claims for causality by inverting the causal claim. The counterfactual of the claim "event A caused event B" is to ask, "if event A had not happened, would event B have happened?"
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State, Nation, and Nation-State
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State - a political actor with 4 traits:
1) territory 2) population 3) government 4) sovereignty Nation - a group of people who feel a common bond because of a shared history, language, culture, religion, ethnicity or race, etc. Nation-State - idea that geograpic area of state and nation should correspond |
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Sovereignity
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an attribute of states such that they are not subordinate to a higher power either inside or outside their borders and agree not to intervene in the domestic jurisdiction of other states
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Self-Determination
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the right of autonomy of nations to decide their own domestic identities.
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Collective Security
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a principle that a group of states will agree in advance jointly to punish states that breach international peace.
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Concert of Europe
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a system of conferences and consultations in the early 19th century among the great powers to manage the balance of power.
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Intergovernmental Organizations
(IGOs) |
a transnational organization to which STATES are members
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Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGOs) |
a transnational organization to which private individuals and/or groups are members
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General Assembly
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one nation, one vote
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European Coal and Steel Community
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part of the EU
- agreement to pull together coal and steel to put under one organization. - help speed up recovery (World Wars) |
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European Union
(and main institutions) |
- became EU w/ Treaty of European Union (1992)
- political and economic problems of postwar Europe |
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Democratic Deficit
(of EU) |
the criticism made of the EU that it is not directly accountable to the people it represents.
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World Bank
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International Bank for Reconstruction & Development
***** Provides loans for long-term development projects |
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IMF Quota
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created to raise funds for loans.
***** (International monetary fund) Conditions and critics ***** Provides loans for short term economic crises |
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Multinational Coorporations
(MNCs) |
- companies with significant production operations in two or more countries.
- Foreign Direct Investment: physical operation in another country - Important: 1) economic strength; 2) location of control; 3) ability to locate different states. |
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Classical Realism
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INDIVIDUAL
- Human nature FLAWED - "A war of all against all" -Hobbes - Primary goal: get POWER to defend themselves! Security delimma: by striving to increase their own security, states make others feel less secure; thus defensive actions spur offensive response. |
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Rational Actor
(Instrumental Rationality) |
Assumption of the REALISM perspective:
assumes that states have a rational calculation of national interests |
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Balance of Power
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the process by which states counterbalance to ensure that no single state dominates the system, r an outcome that establishes a rough equilibrium among states
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Prisoner's Delimna
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a game illustrating the realist perspective in which two prisoners rationally choose not to cooperate in order to avoid even worse outcomes.
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National Interest
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vary from perspectives -
Realism - defined in terms of POWER Liberalism - defined in terms of INSTITUTIONS Identity - defined in terms of IDEAS |
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Security Delimna
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the situation that states face when they arm to defend themselves and in the process threaten other states
Defensive & Offensive Realism |
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Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points
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FAILED - WWI
- Outlawed warns for international policy. - International institutions (League of Nations) - International Law (Kellogg-Briand Pact) - Disarmament - National Self-Determination - General rejection of balance of power politics |
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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pact to increase transparancy of European countries
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Identity Perspective
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identify and IDEAS
- How reality is 'socially constructed' (social constructivism) |
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Logic of Appropriateness
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The logic of appropriateness is a perspective that sees human action as driven by rules of
appropriate or exemplary behavior, organized into institutions. |
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Path Dependence
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a process emphasized by liberal perspectives in which decisions in a particular direction affect later decisions, accumulationg advantages or disadvantages along that path
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Two-Level Game
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DOMESTIC LEVEL
- trying to please interests of both: 1) SOCIETY 2) GOVERNMENT |
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Ideal Type
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perspectives or simplified characterizations of theories that identify the most important aspects not all of the intricacies and variations.
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Empirical vs. Normative Theory
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Empirical - if norms change, you will get change in behavior of states
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Necessary and Sufficient Causes
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Necessary causes:
If x is a necessary cause of y, then the presence of y necessarily implies the presence of x. The presence of x, however, does not imply that y will occur. Sufficient causes: If x is a sufficient cause of y, then the presence of x necessarily implies the presence of y. However, another cause z may alternatively cause y. Thus the presence of y does not imply the presence of x. |
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Constructivist Methodology
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methods that see events as a whole as mutually causing or constituting one another rather than causing one another sequentially.
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Relativism, Universalism, and Pragmatism
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RELATIVISM - a position that holds that truth and morality are relative to each individual or culture and that one should "live and let live".
UNIVERSALISM - claim that truth and morality are universal and cannot be adjusted to specific circumstances. PRAGMATISM - the idea that morality is proportionate to what is possible and causes the least harm. |
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Nationalism
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a sentiment, emerging in the 1800s that sees nations as the core unit of identity.
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Anarchy (and Self-Help)
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Anarchy – the decentralized distribution of power in the international system; no leader or center to monopolize power
Self-Help – the principle of self-defense under anarchy in which states have no one else to rely on to defend their security except themselves. |
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Power
(Hard & Soft; Relational & Situational) |
Hard Power - population, military, economy, resources, geography, etc.
Soft Power - based on values, reputation, credibility, trustworthiness, etc. __________________________________________________ Relational Power - power in comparison to someone else. Situational Power - use of power in different situations. |
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Hegemony
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a situation in which one country is more powerful than all the others
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Peace of Westphalia (1648)
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established the ideas of sovergnity in Europe.
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International System (Structure and Process)
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Changes in International System
(17th - 20th Centuries) |
Era of Monarchs (1700s):
- Wars among Kings - Wars of Limited scope and goals - Professional, mercenary armies - PROBLEM: challenge of democracy and rise of nationalism/popular sovereignty Era of Nationalsim (1880s): - Napoleonic Wars: Hegemony - Wars of Nation against Nation - Congress of viena (1814-15) and 'Concert of Europe' (France: uphold rights of monarchs to rule) - PROBLEMS: Nationalism, Democracy, Industrialization and Unification of Germany Ideology and Superpowers (1900s): - WWI and 'Total War' (use all resources to crush other side): Treaty of Versailles (1919) - WWII 'Total War Continued' - technology change; decreasing wanting war; distribution of power - Cold War: BIPOLAR (US & USSR) - PROBLEMS: Internal weakness of USSR |
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Security Council
(and Permanent Members) |
- Permanent Members (France, China, Russia, UK, & US) with veto power
- 10 rotating members |
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Supranationalism
(Supernational institutions) |
institutions above the level of the state, like the European Commission, that are motivated by common, rather than state-specified goals
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Single Currency (euro)
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- fiscal and monetary union of Europe.
- many states participants |
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Functionalism
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an approach that argues that states will decline in significance as expert intergovernmental organizations solve practical problems
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International Monetary Fund (IMF)
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- provides loans for short-term economic crises
- considerations and critics |
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World Trade Organization (WTO)
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Started as General agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT); WTO created in 1993
Forum for negotiating free trade agreements |
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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
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capital flows involving the acquisition or construction of manufacturing plants and other facilities to a foreign country
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Structural or Neorealism
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GLOBAL LEVEL
- about STRUCTURES not human nature. - PRISONER'S DILEMMA game - Cooperation difficult (Relative gains) - Polarity of power determins stability - Shifts in relative distribution of power ---> WAR |
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Unitary Actor
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- assumption, not reality of what states are in REALISM perspective
- "polictics stop at the water's edge" |
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Power Polarity
(Bipolar, Multipolar, etc.) |
'Unipolar' now - USA
***** Trending toward 'multipolar' w/ new actors (China, India, Brazil) ***** 'bipolar' - USA and USSR |
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Realpolitik
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foreign policy focused on power politics.
- not ethical/moral considerations - preserving the peace |
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High Politics / Low Politics
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high politics - military security
low politics - economic and social affairs |
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Absolute vs. Relative Gains
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Absolute Gains - the increase each side gains over what it had before.
Relative Gains - the increase one side gains over the other |
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Liberal Idealism
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has to do with Interactions and INSTITUTIONS
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Neoliberal Institutionalism
(AKA: Structural) |
GLOBAL LEVEL
******* PRISONER'S DELIMNA GAME ******* About STRUCTURES; Not about human nature ******* Shifts in balance of power --> WAR |
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Democratic Peace
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the theory that democratic nations for the most part do not go to war with one another, making the spread of democracy desirable.
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Social Construction
(Agent-Structural Problem) |
an IDENTITY perspective in which states and other actors acquire their identities from inter-subjective discourses in which they know who they are only by reference to others.
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Distribution of Identities
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the relative relationship of identities among actors in the international system in terms of their similarities and differences.
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International Norms
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shared expectations about appropriate behavior held by the international community
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