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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is life?
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condition that distinguishes animals and plants from inorganic material
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What are the properties of life?
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- order
- regulation - environmental response - evolution - reproduction - energy utilization - growth and development |
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What is the diversity of life what is arranged into 3 domains?
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- scientists have identified about 1.8 million species-particular types of organisms
- taxonomy classifies species into a hierarchy of increasingly broad groups |
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What is taxonomy?
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classifies species into a hierarchy of increasingly broad groups
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What is biology?
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study of life
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What is a hypothesis?
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tentative answer to a problem or question that is being asked
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What is energy?
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strength and vitality required for sustained physical or mental activity
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What is metabolism?
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chemical process that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life
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What is homeostasis?
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tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent element, especially maintained by physiological processes
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What is theory?
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widely accepted explanatory idea that is broad in scope and and supported by a large body of evidence
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What are domains?
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- taxonomic category above the kingdom level
- 3 of them; archaea, bacteria, and eukarya |
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What is an ecosystem?
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- consists of all organisms living in a particular area
- all non-living physical components of which the organisms interact EX: air, soil, water, and sunlight |
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What is deductive reasoning?
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- type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise
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What is inductive reasoning?
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type of logic in which generalizations are based ona large number of specific organizations
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What are producers?
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- organisms that make organic food molecules from carbon dioxide, water, and other inorganic raw materials
EX: plant, algae, antotrophic bacterium |
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What are consumers?
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organism that obtains its food by eating plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants
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What are decomposers?
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- aka detrivore
- organism that derives its energy from organic waste and dead organisms |
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What is DNA?
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gives instructions to make proteins
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What is the scientific method?
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- Galileo first described it
- composed of a series of logic steps that can be used to investigate and solve the wide variety of phenomenon and problems. |
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What is a controlled experiment?
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experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies in the factor being tested
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What is matter?
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- anything that occupies space and has mass
- found in 3 states; solid, liquid, gas |
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What is an acid?
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compound that donates hydrogen ions to solutions
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What is an element?
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substance that can't be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means
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What is an atom?
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smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
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What is a compound?
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substance consisting of 20 elements combined in a fixed ratio
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What is a proton?
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subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge
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What is a neutron?
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- electrically neutral
- has no charge |
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What is a base?
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compound that accepts hydrogen ions and removes them from the solution
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What is ionic bond?
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chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions
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What is an ion?
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atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of 1 or more electrons
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What are covalent bonds?
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strongest kind of chemical bond in which 2 atoms share 1 or more pairs of outershell electrons
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What is an ion?
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compound resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions
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What is a salt?
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- compound from the formation of ionic bond
- aka ionic compound |
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What is a hydrogen ion?
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type of weak chemical bond formed when the partially positive hydrogen atom participating in a polar covalent bond in 1 molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom participating in a polar covalent bond in another molecule
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What is a molecule?
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2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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What is an electron?
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subatomic particle with a single negative charge
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What are electron shells?
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energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom
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What is an isotope?
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1 of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons
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What is a buffer?
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substance that minimizes change in pH
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What is pH?
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measure of hydrogen atom concentration
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What is an electrolyte?
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liquid or gel that contains ion and can be decomposed by electrolysis.
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What is hydroxide ion?
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- anion
- have 1 oxygen atom and 1 hydrogen ion |
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What is hydrophillic?
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- have tendency to mix with, or dissolve in water
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What is hydrophobic?
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- tendency to repel or fail to mix with water
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What is carbon?
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- what life's molecular diversity is based off of
- covalentl bonding enables it to form complex structure |
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What is lactose?
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- sugar present in milk
- disaccharide containing glucose and galactose units |
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What are phospholipids?
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- contains 2 fatty acid groups and the element phosphorous
- major component of cell membranes |
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what are waxes?
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- consists of a single fatty acid linked to an alcohol
- form waterproof coatings |
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What is RNA?
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single polynucleotide strand
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What is DNA?
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- double helix
- 2 polynucleotides are twisted around each other - nitrogenous bases protruding from the backbone pair with each other, A with T and G with C |
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What is cellulose?
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- most abundant organic compound on earth
- structural polysaccharide of plant walls composed of glucose monomers - cellulose molecules are linked into cable-like fibers |
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What is chitin?
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structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls and the exoskeletons of arthropods
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What is starch?
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- storage polysaccharide in plants
- polymer of glucose |
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What is glycogen?
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- extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscle cells
- animal equivalent of starch |
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What is cholesterol?
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steroid that is an important component of animal cell membranes and that act as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other steroids, such as hormones
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What is denaturation?
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- process in which protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function
- can be caused by change in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature - refers tot he separation of the 2 strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors |
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What are nucleic acids?
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- polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers
- serves as a blue print for proteins for all cellular structures and activities - 2 types; DNA & RNA |
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What are nucleotides?
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building block of nuclic acids, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and 1 or more phosphate groups
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What is hydrolysis?
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- chemical reaction that breaks bonds between molecules by the addition of water
- process by which polymers are broken down and an essential part of digestion |
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What is sterols?
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any of a group of naturally occuring unsaturated steroid alcohols, typically waxy solids
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What are triglycerides?
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- ester fromed from glycerol and 3 fatty acid groups
- main constituents of natural fats and oils, and high concentrations in the blood indicate an elevated risk of stroke |
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What is a saccharide?
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sugar
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What is ATP?
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transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism
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What is testosterone?
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steorid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in testes, but also in adrenal cortex and ovaries
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What is ribose?
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sugar of the pentose class that occurs widely in nature as a constituent of nucleotides and several vitamins and enzymes
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What are lipids?
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- class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluable in water, but soluable in organic solvents
- include; natural oils, waxes, and steroids |
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What are lipoproteins?
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any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma
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What are maltose?
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- sugar produced by the breakdown of starch e.g. by enzymes found in malt and saliva
- disaccharide consisting of 2 linked glucose waters |
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What are glycoproteins?
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-any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate goups attached to the polypeptide chain
- aka glycopeptide |
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What is condensation?
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- conversion of a vapor or gas to a liquid
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What is estrogen?
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- group of steroid hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body
- produced artificially for use in oral contrceptives or to treat menopausal and menstrual disorders |
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Where are the instructiongs for growth and development in?
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DNA
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What are teh instructions in DNA used to make?
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proteins
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What happens when a molecule is excited by heat?
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it usually loses an electron
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What functional group is COOH in?
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carboxyl group?
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What are clay crystals?
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primitive template that was thought to be used for protein synthesis.
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