Ex Phys Test 2

Front 1

Metabolism inefficiency

Back 1

The heat loss and inefficiency of metabolism isn’t all bad because it helps with enzymatic activity as well as loosening up muscles. 60-70% is heat loss.

Front 2

Protein

Back 2

• Minor source of energy
• Can be converted to glucose in the liver via gluconeogensis
• Can generate FFA’s during starvation through lipogenesis
• Must be broken down into amino acids to be used for energy

Front 3

Link between glycolysis and Kreb’s Cycle

Back 3

Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid which is converted into Acetyl CoA and enters the Kreb’s cycle

Front 4

In the presence of _______, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted into _________.

Back 4

oxygen , Acetyl CoA

Front 5

Glycolysis occurs in the _______ of the cell

Back 5

cytosol

Front 6

The Krebs Cycle occurs in the _________ of the cell

Back 6

mitochondria

Front 7

Oxaloacetate + Acetyl Co-A = Citrate
*Name the enzyme

Back 7

Citrate synthase

Front 8

Isocitrate + Oxalsuccinate

Back 8

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Front 9

A-keto glutarate + Succinyl Co-A

Back 9

A-keto glutarate Dehydrogenase

Front 10

Succinyl CoA + Succinate

Back 10

Succinyl CoA Synthesase

Front 11

Succinate + Fumerate

Back 11

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Front 12

Malate Oxaloacetate

Back 12

Malate Dehydrogenase

Front 13

During Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle: **4 events

Back 13

• Hydrogen ions are released
• These H+ can’t stay in cell (too acidic)
• NAD and FAD carry these to ETC
• H+ combines with O2 to form water

Front 14

ETC splits ______ and ______ and electrons produced from the split of these 2 energy-rich compounds provides the Energy for phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

Back 14

NADH and FADH2

Front 15

glycogen yields ____ # of ATPs

Back 15

39 ATPs

Front 16

glucose yields ____ # of ATPs

Back 16

38 ATPs

Front 17

lipolysis

Back 17

breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and FFAs

Front 18

β-oxidation

Back 18

conversion of FFA into acetyl CoA

Front 19

Acetyl CoA is critical because it enters the ______ ______

Back 19

Krebs Cycle

Front 20

More carbons in fats =

Back 20

more oxygen needed for oxidation vs. for glucose

Front 21

Lactate Threshold

Back 21

• the point at which blood lactate begins to accumulate substantially above resting concentrations during exercise of increasing intensity
• The rate at which lactate production exceeds lactate clearance
• Usually expressed as a percentage of maximal oxygen uptake

Front 22

key enzyme for the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid

Back 22

Lactate DeHydrogenase (LDH)

Front 23

3 “fates” of lactate during exercise:

Back 23

• Oxidized within the muscle and adjacent muscles and used for energy
• Converted to glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis) via the Cori Cycle
• Oxidized by the heart for energy - **Main consumer of lactate

Front 24

Cori Cycle

Back 24

Cycle in the liver (gluconeogenesis) that converts lactate from muscles in glycogen

Front 25

Decline in muscle glycogen leads to increase in perceived exertion:

Back 25

As muscle glycogen levels deplete, exercises seem harder

Front 26

Muscle glycogen PAS stains:

Back 26

In a long duration activity (30km run) the type I fibers would be depleted (white) and the type II fibers would still have glycogen and stain pink or red.

Front 27

Costill study

Back 27

Showed that with a high CHO diet, subjects were able to restore their glycogen levels quicker between 2 hr bouts of activity as opposed to a low CHO diet where the glycogen levels depleted over the days of repeated exercise.

Front 28

Consume ______ grams of CHO/hr for prolonged exercise (>1-2 hrs)

Back 28

40-60 grams

Front 29

Volume of solution = effect of gastric emptying

Back 29

Increases with larger volumes

Front 30

Caloric Content = effect of gastric emptying

Back 30

Gastric emptying decreases with increasing caloric density

Front 31

Osmolarity = effect of gastric emptying

Back 31

Gastric emptying decrases with increasing osmolarity (Highly concentrated)

Front 32

Temperature = effect of gastric emptying

Back 32

Faster gastric emptying for cooler fluids than warmer ones

Front 33

pH = effect of gastric emptying

Back 33

Decrease gastric emptying with more acidic solution

Front 34

Sports Drinks ** 4 things

Back 34

• 6-8% CHO in the form of glucose and glucose polymers (greater concentration slows gastric emptying)
• 20-60 mmol/L sodium (prevent hyponatremia)
• Sodium also increases thirst and water absorption
• Uniquely designed to meet both energy and fluid needs of athletes

Front 35

Hormones are controlled by _______ feedback (thermostat analogy)

Back 35

NEGATIVE

Front 36

Negative Feedback

Back 36

In negative feedback a hormone makes an effect. The cells that make the hormone see that effect happen. When they see it happen, they stop making more hormone.

Front 37

Effect made by insulin

Back 37

To lower plasma glucose

Front 38

Down-regulation

Back 38

A decrease in the number of cell receptors
• As a result, less hormone can bind to the cell and higher concentrations of the hormone remain in the blood plasma (cell is less sensitive to hormone)
• Example: Insulin Resistance

Front 39

Up-regulation

Back 39

An increase in the number of cell receptors
More hormone can bind to the cell and lower concentrations of the hormone remain in the blood plasma (cell is more sensitive to hormone)

Front 40

Glucose concentration is ↑‘d by

Back 40

1) glycogenolysis or 2) gluconeogenesis

Front 41

Four Hormones work to increase concentration of glucose in blood

Back 41

Glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol

Front 42

Glucagon

Back 42

• Promotes liver glycogenolysis and glucose formation from amino acids (in liver)

Front 43

Epinephrine

Back 43

• Promotes glycogenolysis in liver

Front 44

Norepinephrine

Back 44

• Promotes glycogenolysis in liver

Front 45

Cortisol

Back 45

• Promotes protein catabolism, freeing amino acids to be used in liver for gluconeogenesis (glucose is then released from liver into blood)

Front 46

Insulin concentrations during exercise

Back 46

Plasma insulin concentrations decrease during prolonged (> 30 min) submaximal exercise
• Exercise may enhance insulin’s binding to receptors on the muscle fiber, reducing the need for high concentrations of plasma insulin to transport glucose
• This enhanced binding is partially due to increased blood flow to the muscle during exercise

Front 47

Glucose levels during exercise

Back 47

Trained individuals better maintain plasma glucose levels with acute exercise (and fatigue less easily, partially for this reason)

Front 48

Glucagon levels during exercise

Back 48

Blunted glucagon response to acute exercise, as trained individuals (in red) maintain plasma glucose concentrations more efficiently (less need for glucagon to raise plasma glucose levels)

Front 49

Regulation of fat metabolism (Lipolysis) is hormonally controlled during exercise by:

Back 49

• Insulin
• Epinephrine
• Nor epinephrine
• Cortisol
• Growth Hormone

Front 50

Negatively Controlled

Back 50

Insulin

Front 51

Positively Controlled

Back 51

Epinephrine, Nor Epinephrine, Cortisol, and GH

Front 52

Hemodilution

Back 52

An increase in blood plasma, resulting in a dilution of the blood’s cellular contents. ******Most likely to be found in a trained endurance athelete