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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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soil porosity
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the volume of all the open spaces (pores) between the solid grains of soil
* defines the volume of water that can be held in a given volume of the soil |
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soil permeability
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property of the soil pore system that allows fluid to flow
* pore sizes and their connectivity determines whether a soil has high or low permeability * it is possible to have zero permeability like in CLAY |
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infiltration
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fraction of precipitation that infiltrates into the ground
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soil runoff
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fraction of precipitation that generates overland flow (excess)
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soil infiltration capacity
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max infiltration rate allowed by soil properties (IC)
* texture, vegetation, cover and time * greater in coarser soils * increases with permability * larger in vegetate soils because roots create pores / prevent soil compaction from rain * IC decreases with time |
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Infiltration excess runoff -
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occurs when the rainfall rate exceeds the soil infiltration capacity
* due to a limited soil infiltration capacity * method of runoff in compacted soils, unvegetated landscpaes and arid or semiarid enviros |
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saturation excess runoff -
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when the soil is saturated
* due to a limited soil storage capacity commomnly occurs in soils that are very permeable like vegetated and forested landscapes - soil is too permeable to generate significant amts of runoff * occurs where can be easily saturated like at valley bottoms, shallow water tables etc. |
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interception
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fraction of precip intercetped by the canopy ANd that evaporates form the canpoy. THIS IS AN EVAPORATIVE LOSS. much higher in growing season b/c more leaves
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throughfall
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fraction of precip that passes through the canopy
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stemflow
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fraction of precip that reaches the ground by flowing along the stem or trunk
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paired watersheds
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two sheds of similar size and geological setting. one remains undisturbed and the other is disturbed by clearcutting or thinning
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management intensity
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percent of watershed area affected by forest harvesting the higher the % in reduction in cover the higher the annual runoff
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hydrograph
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a plot of the discharge measured in a stream over time
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baseflow
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flow that we can observe in a stream even when it does not rain
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peakflow
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high points of discharge due to excessive rainfall events
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fire-induced water repellency
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can cause soil water repellency
burning biomass releases hydrophobic organic compounds on soil surface that decrease infiltration and runoff * depends on vegetation, heat and strength of fire soil texture and time after fire |
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forest management
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purposeful thinning or clearcutting to increase water yields to increase the water resources available for drinking, irrigation
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rainsplash
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effect of impact of water drop on soil, detachment of particles....after deforestation, soil is more exposed to this
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sheet erosion
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soil particle detached by rain splashing are wahed away and transported downhill by overland fow. eventually reach streams and lead to increase in sediment loads in streams
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rill erosion
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erosion that creates small rills along a slope
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landslides
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deforestation leads to the decay of tree roots, lose the stabilizing effect, heavy rains can trigger landslides
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forest affect climate
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forests affect climate and water cycle - chris columbus
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albedo
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fractino of irradiance that is reflected by the earth surface...forested areas are darker (lower) than bare soil
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surface roughness
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vegetated surfaces are rougher - effects the impact on near-surface turbulence and on the transport of heat and water vapor from / to the earths surface
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plant type
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rooting depth, stomata physiology and total leaf area
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spatial scale
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changes in vegetation cover affect climate only if they occur over relatively large areas
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green planet
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* non-gaciated land covered by trees
* lower albedo, higher roughness |
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desert planet
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unvegetated, high albedo, low roughness
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