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199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who said “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.”?
A. Charles Darwin B. Richard Lewontin C. Theodosius Dobzhansky D. Richard Dawkins E. Douglas Futuyma |
C. Theodosius Dobzhansky
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According to evolutionary biology, you, as an individual, cannot evolve.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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According to evolutionary biology, humans as a species cannot evolve.
A. true B. false |
B. false
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Which of these can experience evolution?
A. iphones B. Chevrolet muscle cars C. commercial airliners D. geopolitical strategies E. all of these |
E. all of these
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Which of these can experience organic evolution?
A. iphones B. Chevrolet muscle cars C. commercial airliners D. geopolitical strategies E. none of these |
E. none of these
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Which of these can experience organic evolution?
A. humans B. domestic cas C. elephants D. bacteria E. all of these |
E. all of these
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Which of these must experience organic evolution?
A. humans B. influenza virus C. Galapagos finches D. bacteria that cause tuberculosis E. all of these |
E. all of these
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Which of these diseases was not among the top five causes of human hospitalization in the years before 1940?
A. tuberculosis B. pneumonia C. meningitis D. heart disease E. typhoid fever |
D. heart disease
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Why did tuberculosis become such a rare disease in the developed world between 1940 and 1970?
A. People became resistant to the disease. B. Better diets prevented the disease. C. We developed antibiotic to control the disease. D. We genetically modified the bacteria to be harmless. E. All susceptible people died. |
C. We developed antibiotic to control the disease.
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Why is tuberculosis back on the health community’s radar screen as a major problem?
A. Many new strains are resistant to old drugs. B. It was never driven to extinction. C. It spreads easily and rapidly in crowded populations. D. It is very debilitating. E. all of these |
E. all of these
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What happened to all the tuberculosis bacteria that were susceptible to drug treatment?
A. They died. B. They mutated. C. They moved on to different hosts. D. They produced resting spores and waited. E. no way to tell |
A. They died.
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All forms of drug treatment of a disease which stop short of complete elimination of the causative agent will result in selection favoring drug resistance.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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The drug AZT is a DNA base analog used to treat HIV patients. What usually happens within three months of treatment with AZT?
A. The patient becomes allergic to AZT. B. The drug becomes ineffective. C. The patient recovers completely. D. HIV moves into protected parts of the body. E. The patient becomes intolerant of AZT. |
B. The drug becomes ineffective.
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Examination of the DNA sequence of AZT resistant strains of HIV show that they are mutated forms of the virus found earlier in the patient.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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Treatment with AZT caused the resistance mutations in HIV.
A. true B. false |
B. false
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The graph above shows the prevalence of drug resistance over time in a bacterium which causes ear infections in people. What was the incidence of drug resistance in this population at the time when the drug was first introduced in 1978?
A. near zero B. 10% C. 20% D. 30% D. 40% E. 50% |
A. near zero
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What was the incidence of drug resistance in this population in 1993 after 15 years of drug treatment?
A. 95% B. 85% C. 75% D. 5% E. 0% |
A. 95%
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How long did it take the bacteria to reach the 50% resistant level?
A. 1 year B. 5.5 years C. 8 years D. 10 years E. 2 years |
B. 5.5 years
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In biological parlance, these bacteria evolved resistance. A. true B. false
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A. true
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When was Charles Darwin born?
A. 1803 B. 1809 C. 1821 D. 1859 E. 1799 |
B. 1809
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When did Charles Darwin publish On the Origin of Species?
A. 1803 B. 1809 C. 1821 D. 1859 E. 1799 |
D. 1859
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Which of these is a premise of Darwin’s theory of natural selection?
A. Variation exists in all organisms. B. Some of the variation is heritable. C. All organisms produce more babies that can survive. D. Some variations have an advantage in terms of survival. E. all of these |
E. all of these
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The observation that all things must change through time (= evolve) is a necessary conclusion from the premises stated above.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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Darwin was one of the first to argue for a particulate model for inheritance rather than a fluid one.
A. true B. false |
B. false
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Darwin’s idea of descent with modification was accepted almost immediately by most practicing biologists.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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Darwin’s idea of natural selection was accepted almost immediately by most practicing biologists.
A. true B. false |
B. false
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Which of these was not a contributor to the Modern Synthesis?
A. Hugo DeVries B. Ronald A. Fisher C. Sewell Wright D. J. B. S. Haldane E. Theodosius Dobzhansky |
A. Hugo DeVries
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One of the outcomes of application of evolutionary thinking to biological situations is the nearly universal removal of idea of purpose in biology.
A. true B. false. |
A. true
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Some evolutionary biologists are devoutly religious.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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Evolutionary biology provides a convenient basis for human ethical systems.
A. true B. false |
B. false
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Evolution in the sense of change through time and generations is a fact.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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The collective set of confirmed hypotheses about the processes that produce changes through time and generations is called which of these?
A. evolutionary theory B. ecological theory C. developmental biology D. evolutionary naturalism E. none of these |
A. evolutionary theory
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What is the objective probability that all of evolutionary theory is actually false?
A. nearly zero B. about 5% C. about 10% D. about 50% E. about 99% |
A. nearly zero
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Caecilians such as the Gymnophis multiplicatus shown at the beginning of this chapter belong to which vertebrate class?
A. Amphibia B. Reptilia C. Mammalia D. Aves E. Agnatha |
A. Amphibia
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Caecilians such as this one actually do have thousands of internal scales. These scales should force us to conclude that these are really snakes.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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The “capture” of an aerobic bacterium by another, anaerobic bacterium seems to have been the origin of what are now mitochondria in all eukaryotic cells.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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The “capture” mentioned in the previous question seems to have taken place when?
A. 1 billion years ago (bya) B. 2 bya C. 3 bya D. 600 million years ago E. never |
B. 2 bya
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Your textbooks suggest that two very divergent lineages of animals leading to echinoderms like starfish and chordates like humans arose from a single common ancestor sometime between 1000 million years ago (mya) and 600 mya.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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About how many millions of years have passed since we shared a common ancestor with the chimpanzees?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 12 E. none |
C. 8
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The Eucarya (also spelled Eukarya) seems to have shared a more recent common ancestor with the Archaea than with the Bacteria.
A. true B. true |
A. true
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Who is generally acknowledged as the father of modern animal classification and binomial nomenclature?
A. Charles Darwin B. Ernst Haekel C. Gregor Mendel D. Carolus Linnaeus (= Carl von Linne’) E. Edward Drinker Cope |
D. Carolus Linnaeus (= Carl von Linne’)
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If you studied a group of snakes from South America and discovered that one species was actually described four different times by scientists in three countries, which species name should become the correct one for the species?
A. the first one described. B. the one cited by most workers. C. The one with the most complete description. D. the one proposed by the most prominent worker E. no way to tell |
A. the first one described.
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Strangely enough Linnaeus did not designate a holotype for Homo sapiens; and this action was not taken until just a couple of years ago. In that action which famous person was designated as the holotype for our species?
A. Charles Darwin B. Ernst Haekel C. Gregor Mendel D. Carolus Linnaeus (= Carl von Linne’) E. Edward Drinker Cope |
E. Edward Drinker Cope
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All scientific names of plants and animals are constructed as if they were in which foreign language?
A. French B. Latin C. German D. Russian E. Chinese |
B. Latin
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In general usage we denote in English that something is in a foreign language by using italics.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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DNA sequence analysis revealed the relationship of Raflesia arnoldii with which better known plant family?
A. roses B. spurges C. rhododendrons D. mints E. composites |
B. spurges
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Raflesia has been particularly hard to classify because its parasitic mode of existence has reduced the number of characteristics for analysis and changed many of the ones remaining.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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The fungus cultivated by leaf-cutter ants has defied classification until recently because it never produces the fruiting bodies used in fungus classification.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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In the figure presented below, how many evolutionary changes have occurred between the ancestor of the whole clade (Ancestor 1) and species 1?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5 E. 3 |
C. 4
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In the figure presented below, how many evolutionary changes have occurred between the ancestor of the ingroup (Ancestor 2) and species 1?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5 E. 3 |
B. 2
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Each evolutionary substitution in this diagram is indicated by what sort of symbol?
A. a new letter B. a line across the tree branch C. use of capital letters D. use of boldface font E. none of these |
B. a line across the tree branch
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Which of these would introduce homoplasy into the figure presented above or any other similar analysis?
A. Occurrence of identical mutations in different branches B. reversal of any mutation along the tree C. coding errors D. all of these E. none of these |
D. all of these
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In the evolutionary tree presented below which species are considered to be the ingroup?
A. 1,2, and 3 B. 1-4 C. all of these D. 1 and 2 E. duh! |
A. 1,2, and 3
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In the same figure, which species is the closest outgroup (i.e. the sister group) to the ingroup?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 |
D. 4
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In the same figure, which species is most closely related to species 1?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 |
B. 2
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In the same figure, which species is most distantly related to species 1?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 |
E. 5
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In the same figure, which species is most closely related to species 4?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5 E. species 1-3 are all equally closely related to species 4 |
E. species 1-3 are all equally closely related to species 4
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In the same figure, which species is most closely related to species 5?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. all these species are equally closely related to species 5 |
E. all these species are equally closely related to species 5
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How many different letters can occupy the same site in any DNA map?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. no way to answer this question |
D. 4
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For any particular nucleotide in the DNA from one of your germ cells (sperm producing or egg producing tissues) there is a small, but finite, chance of a mutation or change every time that nucleus duplicates its DNA. A. true B. false
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A. true
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If the probability of a mutation is on the order of once per million times dividing for each nucleotide in your DNA and you have about 3 billion nucleotides per nucleus, how many mutations would be expected every time that nucleus divides?
A. none B. 0.003 C. 3,000 D. 300 E. 3 |
C. 3,000
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In the same situation described in the previous question, how many mutations would be expected in 1000 generations (ca. 20,000 years) along one lineage (yours, let’s say)?
A. none B. 3 C. 3,000,000 D. 300,000 E. 3000 |
C. 3,000,000
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An analysis of the sequences of the ψη-globin pseudogene in primates produced the following cladogram. What are the numbers along the branches of this tree?
A. minimum number of changes between ancestor and descendent taxon B. confidence level in validity of the stem involved C. an abstract and unitless number derived from a computer program D. estimate in centuries since common ancestry E. estimate in millions of years since common ancestry |
A. minimum number of changes between ancestor and descendent taxon
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The figure above shows numbers of nucleotide substitutions in each branch of the shortest evolutionary tree the authors could find. How many nucleotide substitutions have occurred and become fixed in the line leading to humans since we shared a common ancestor with gorillas?
A. 94 B. 76 C. 90 D. 160 E. 310 |
C. 90
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The figure above shows numbers of nucleotide substitutions in each branch of the shortest evolutionary tree the authors could find. How many nucleotide substitutions have occurred and become fixed in the line leading to humans since we shared a common ancestor with chimps?
A. 94 B. 76 C. 90 D. 160 E. 31 |
B. 76
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The figure above shows numbers of nucleotide substitutions in each branch of the shortest evolutionary tree the authors could find. How many nucleotide substitutions have occurred and become fixed in the line leading to humans since we shared a common ancestor with orangutans?
A. 94 B. 76 C. 90 D. 160 E. 31 |
D. 160
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The figure above shows numbers of nucleotide substitutions in each branch of the shortest evolutionary tree the authors could find. How many nucleotide substitutions have occurred and become fixed in the line leading to chimps since they shared a common ancestor with gorillas?
A. 94 B. 76 C. 90 D. 106 E. 31 |
D. 106
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The figure above shows numbers of nucleotide substitutions in each branch of the shortest evolutionary tree the authors could find. How many nucleotide substitutions have occurred and become fixed in the line leading to gorillas since they shared a common ancestor with us and chimps?
A. 94 B. 76 C. 90 D. 160 E. 31 |
A. 94
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What makes something like the ψη-globin pseudogene a pseudogene instead of a gene?
A. It resembles a gene but does not actually code for anything. B. It resembles a gene but lacks the promotors and terminal sequences found in most genes. C. It does not have the introns usually found in eukaryote genes. D. all of these E. none of these |
D. all of these
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Which parts of the ψη-globin pseudogene is undergoing selection related to its sequence right now?
A. none B. all C. only the introns D. only the exons E. only positions 1 of the introns |
A. none
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If the ψη-globin pseudogene is present in all primates but not present in marsupials or birds or carnivores like bears or snakes, what it the simplest explanation for the distribution of this pseudogene?
A. It was inserted into the genome of one of the first mammals and passed onto all its descendants. B. It was inserted into the genome of a very early primate and passed on to all of its descendants. C. It is randomly distributed. D. Space invaders scattered it around into many lineages. E. God put it there for a reason. |
B. It was inserted into the genome of a very early primate and passed on to all of its descendants.
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Cladograms like the following pair can inform us about a great deal of evolutionary change. The shape of the tree is called its topology. Which of these groups is placed differently based on DNA sequences than it is placed based on morphological characteristics?
A. turtles B. birds C. marsupials D. Amphioxus E. amphibians |
A. turtles
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Based on both of these phylogenetic hypotheses, which of these is most distantly related to you? (This is exactly the same as saying which one has the greatest overall tree separation since it shared a common ancestor with you.)
A. a bird B. an amphibian C. any other mammal D. Amphioxus E. shark |
D. Amphioxus
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Based on both of these phylogenetic hypotheses, which of these is most distantly related to a bird?
A. human B. an amphibian C. any other mammal D. Amphioxus E. shark |
D. Amphioxus
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Based on both of these phylogenetic hypotheses, which of these is most distantly related to a shark?
A. a bird B. an amphibian C. any other mammal D. Amphioxus E. human |
D. Amphioxus
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Based on both of these phylogenetic hypotheses, which of these is most distantly related to a lungfish?
A. a bird B. an amphibian C. any other mammal D. Amphioxus E. shark |
D. Amphioxus
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Based on both of these phylogenetic hypotheses, which of these is most closely related to you? (This is exactly the same as saying which one has the shortest overall tree separation since it shared a common ancestor with you.)
A. a bird B. an amphibian C. marsupial D. Amphioxus E. shark |
C. marsupial
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Based on both of these phylogenetic hypotheses, which of these is most closely related to the lizards and snakes? (Note that we now deem snakes to be specialized kinds of lizards, so we have to combine them on cladograms like these.)
A. a bird B. an amphibian C. crocodile D. tuatara E. turtle |
D. tuatara
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Based on both of these phylogenetic hypotheses, which of these is most closely related to the birds?
A. a bird B. an amphibian C. crocodile D. tuatara E. turtle |
C. crocodile
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Based on both of these phylogenetic hypotheses, which of these is most closely related to the crocs?
A. a bird B. an amphibian C. human D. tuatara E. turtle |
A. a bird
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Based on both of these phylogenetic hypotheses, which of these is most closely related to you?
A. coelacanth B. lungfish C. ray-finned bony fish D. shark E. Amphioxus |
B. lungfish
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Based on both of these phylogenetic hypotheses, which of these is most closely related to a turtle?
A. coelacanth B. lungfish C. ray-finned bony fish D. shark E. Amphioxus |
B. lungfish
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Based on both of these phylogenetic hypotheses, which of these is most closely related to a lungfish?
A. coelacanth B. amphibian C. bird D. human E. B.-D are all equally close to lungfishes |
E. B.-D are all equally close to lungfishes
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Based on both of these phylogenetic hypotheses, which of these is most closely related to a shark?
A. coelacanth B. lungfish C. ray-finned bony fish D. shark E. A.-D. are all equally close to sharks (Note: This is not exactly what your book says.) |
E. A.-D. are all equally close to sharks (Note: This is not exactly what your book says.)
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Both these hypotheses tell us that birds and crocodiles are closely related.
A. true B. false |
B. false
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Both these hypotheses tell us that birds and crocodiles are most closely related to each other.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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In order to tell exactly how closely related the taxa on these trees are to each other we would need to know the actual numbers of differences (=lengths of the branches) between them all.
A true B. false |
A. true
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Lengths of tree branches are presented in these cladograms.
A. true B. false |
B. false
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Molecular clocks for both honeycreeper birds and Drosophila fruit flies in the Hawaiian Islands show the same rates of accumulation of genetic differences.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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Which is the oldest of the Hawaiian Islands?
A. Kauai B. Hawaii C. Maui D. Molokai E. Oahu |
A. Kauai
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Which is the youngest of the Hawaiian Islands?
A. Kauai B. Hawaii C. Maui D. Molokai E. Oahu |
B. Hawaii
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Slowly evolving genes are useful for dissecting very ancient evolutionary splits.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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Rapidly evolving genes are useful for dissecting ancient evolutionary splits.
A. true B. false |
B. false
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Slowly evolving genes are useful for dissecting relatively recent evolutionary splits.
A. true B. false |
B. false
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Rapidly evolving genes are useful for dissecting relatively recent evolutionary splits.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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Interspecific hybridization places genes with different histories in the same zygotes and can produce reticulate evolution.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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The majority of flowering plant species are thought to have been produced by interspecific hybridization.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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Horizontal transfer of genes between species is very common in bacteria.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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Viruses can transfer genes between hosts.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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Phylogenetic analyses of obscure or soft-bodied groups allow us to infer evolutionary changes in their biochemical process and their behavior.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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Multiplication of species is an example of which of these processes?
A. cladogenesis B. anagenesis C. paedomorphosis D. heterochrony E. none of these |
A. cladogenesis
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Changes observed in a species over time are examples of which evolutionary process?
A. cladogenesis B. anagenesis C. paedomorphosis D. heterochrony E. none of these |
B. anagenesis
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Which of these seem to represent a monophyletic taxon?
A. angiosperms B. mammals C. beetles D. birds E. all of these |
E. all of these
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Linnaeus’s original grouping of the snakes included many different elongate animals including some fishes and lizards. Such an aggregate represents which of these groups?
A. monophyletic B. paraphyletic C. polyphyletic D. atheistic E. none of these |
C. polyphyletic
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The modern version of the snakes includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants, so snakes are now which sort of group?
A. monophyletic B. paraphyletic C. polyphyletic D. atheistic E. none of these |
A. monophyletic
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Recognition of Family Pongidae for the orangutan, gorillas and chimps, but not humans, renders the family which sort of group?
A. monophyletic B. paraphyletic C. polyphyletic D. atheistic E. none of these |
B. paraphyletic
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Recognition of Family Hominidae for us and all our relatives back to a common ancestor in the Miocene (excluding chimps, gorillas, and the orangutan) renders our family which of these?
A. monophyletic B. paraphyletic C. polyphyletic D. atheistic E. none of these |
B. paraphyletic
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Recognition of a family Hominidae for us and all our relatives back to a common ancestor in the early Miocene and including the other apes renders our family which sort of group?
A. monophyletic B. paraphyletic C. polyphyletic D. atheistic E. none of these |
A. monophyletic
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The causative agent for AIDS seems to be a virus called HIV. Including all strains of HIV in a DNA analysis produced a phylogenetic tree showing HIV to be which of these?
A. monophyletic B. paraphyletic C. polyphyletic D. atheistic E. none of these |
C. polyphyletic
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An SIV virus from which primate seems to be the ancestor of HIV?
A. chimpanzee B. rhesus macaque C. gorilla D. sooty mangaby E. mandrill |
A. chimpanzee
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Which of these lines of evidence was used by Charles Darwin to support his theory of descent with modification?
A. homologous structures B. vestigial structures C. embryological similarities D. all of these E. none of these |
D. all of these
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The first long bone in your arm is called your humerus. Which of these creatures does not have a humerus?
A. whale B. bat C. hummingbird D. horse E. dragonfly |
E. dragonfly
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Why does the excluded creature in the previous question not have a humerus?
A. Its lineage never had any bones, let alone ones in its wing. B. It lost the structure long ago. C. It developed an analogous structure to fill that function. D. all of these E. none of these |
A. Its lineage never had any bones, let alone ones in its wing.
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The first long bone in your arm is called your humerus. Which of these creatures does not have a humerus?
A. whale B. bat C. hummingbird D. horse E. snake |
E. snake
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Why does the excluded creature in the previous question not have a humerus?
A. Its lineage never had any bones, let alone ones in its wing. B. It lost the structure long ago. C. It developed an analogous structure to fill that function. D. all of these E. none of these |
B. It lost the structure long ago.
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What is the most general evolutionary term applied to two characteristics in different lineages which resemble each other but have arisen through completely independent processes from a common ancestor without the characteristic?
A. homoplasy B. homology C. convergent evolution D. ontogeny E. none of these |
C. convergent evolution
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What is the most general evolutionary term applied to two characteristics in different lineages which resemble each other because they are derived from a common ancestor with the characteristic?
A. homoplasy B. homology C. convergent evolution D. ontogeny E. none of these |
B. homology
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The resemblance between the eyes of an octopus and those of a human is the result of which evolutionary process?
A. parallel evolution B. convergent evolution C. divergent evolution D. random (stochastic) evolution E. none of these |
B. convergent evolution
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In the figure below comparing the eye of an octopus to the eye of a vertebrate, which term includes two independently evolved structures?
A. lens B. pupil C. retina D. eyelid E. all of these |
E. all of these
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Which of these are analogous structures in humans and the octopi?
A. lens B. pupil C. retina D. eyelid E. all of these |
E. all of these
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Which of these are homologous structures in humans and octopi?
A. lens B. pupil C. retina D. eyelid E. none of these |
E. none of these
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Conversion of legs into maxillipeds by suppressing the expression of the genes Ultrabithorax and Abdominal A in different lineages of crustaceans seems to be a good example of which evolutionary process? A. parallel evolution
B. convergent evolution C. divergent evolution D. random (stochastic) evolution E. none of these |
A. parallel evolution
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Evolutionary reversals in different lineages will produce homoplasy.
A. true B. False |
A. true
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25. It is unfortunate that biologists often name structures based on their function instead of their evolutionary homology. One example of this tradition is the use of the term penis for the intromittant organs of which of these creatures?
A. humans B. grasshoppers C. shrimp D. sipunculid worms E. all of these |
E. all of these
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The best estimate of the number of separate evolutionary transformations producing the penises mentioned in the previous question?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 |
D. 4
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Overall confusion would be reduced and homoplasy would be eliminated if the separate structures called penises each had its own name.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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Which ancestral characteristic has been lost then regained in the evolutionary history of salamanders in the genus Desmognathus?
A. front legs B. teeth C. gilled larvae D. five toes on front legs E. none of these |
C. gilled larvae
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Resemblance between Batesian models and mimics is an example of which evolutionary process?
A. parallel evolution B. convergent evolution C. divergent evolution D. random (stochastic) evolution E. none of these |
B. convergent evolution
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30. Resemblance between Müllerian co-models usually involves which of these evolutionary processes?
A. parallel evolution B. convergent evolution C. divergent evolution D. random (stochastic) evolution E. none of these |
B. convergent evolution
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Early developmental stages of most vertebrates are very similar to one another.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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Who proposed the idea that “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”?
A. Charles Darwin B. J. B. Lamarck C. August Weismann D. Ernst Haeckel E. Karl Ernst von Baer |
D. Ernst Haeckel
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The appearance of the adult axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) resembles the larval stage of the related Ambystoma tigrinum and seems best to be considered an example of which of these?
A. progenesis B. neoteny C. allometry D. peramorphosis E. none of these |
B. neoteny
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The reduced bone present in the skull of the salamanders in the genus Thorius seems to be an example of which of these heterochronic processes?
A. progenesis B. neoteny C. allometry D. peramorphosis E. none of these |
A. progenesis
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The extraordinarily large brains of humans may be the result of which of these heterochronic processes?
A. progenesis B. neoteny C. allometry D. peramorphosis E. none of these |
D. peramorphosis
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The Irish elk is used in your textbook as an example of which developmental process?
A. progenesis B. neoteny C. allometry D. peramorphosis E. none of these |
C. allometry
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The animal with the most DNA must also be the most complex one.
A. true B. false |
B. false
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Which of these has the largest genome size?
A. Protozoa B. bids C. amphibians D. fungi E. arthropods |
C. amphibians
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Which of these has the largest genome size?
A. mammals B. bids C. amphibians D. reptiles E. humans |
C. amphibians
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Which of these shows adaptive radiations?
A. silverswords of Hawaii B. cichlid fish in African lakes C. fruit flies in Hawaii D. honey creepers in Hawaii E. all of these |
E. all of these
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How many versions (= copies) of the hemoglobin β gene are found in the human genome?
A. 1 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 6 |
E. 6
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How many versions (= copies) of the hemoglobin ɑ gene are found in the human genome?
A. 1 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 E. 6 |
D. 5
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Examine the following graph and determine whether the statement in your book “The largest species of deer, the extinct Irish elk (Megaceros giganteus), had much larger antlers, relative to body mass, than those of any other deer.” This statement is:
A. true B. false |
B. false
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If the statement presented in your book had been “The largest species of deer, the extinct Irish elk (Megaceros giganteus), had the largest antlers of any deer.”, the statement would be true.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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The data presented in support of the Irish elk story are confusing because which sort of data are absent?
A. antler length B. body height C. body weight D. all of these E. none of these |
B. body height
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Perhaps the most famous example of allometry comes from the extinct Irish elk (Megaceros giganteus). What makes the Irish elk an example of allometry?
a. Its antlers were expressed at a different position from those of any other deer. b. Its antlers were expressed at a different time during ontogeny from those of any other deer. c. Its antlers increased at the same rate as its body mass. d. Its antlers get larger faster than does body size. i.e. Antlers are only scaled to body size instead of being locked in to body size as a fixed proportion. e. Its antlers were smaller, relative to body mass, than those of any other deer. |
d. Its antlers get larger faster than does body size. i.e. Antlers are only scaled to body size instead of being locked in to body size as a fixed proportion.
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When a gene gets duplicated in evolutionary history the two copies are said to be which of these in all succeeding lineages?
A. orthologs B. paralogs C. homologs D. analogs E. sawing logs |
B. paralogs
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The linear descendants of the same copy of a gene in different species or whole evolutionary lineages are which of these?
A. orthologs B. paralogs C. homologs D. analogs E. sawing logs |
A. orthologs
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Evolution is the change in biological organisms through long periods of time.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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In the sense of the last question, evolution is a fact.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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When examined closely the history of almost every species seems to be best represented by mosaic evolution.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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The figure presented above supports the hypothesis of phyletic gradualism in the increased brain size of human relatives.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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The figure presented below supports the hypothesis of phyletic gradualism in the increased body size of human relatives.
A. true B. false |
B. false
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The data presented in the lower panel of the figure below seems to best support which evolutionary model?
A. evolutionary stasis B. punctuated equilibrium C. punctuated gradualism D. phyletic gradualism E. none of these |
A. evolutionary stasis
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The data presented in the figure below seems to best support which evolutionary model?
A. evolutionary stasis B. punctuated equilibrium C. punctuated gradualism D. phyletic gradualism E. none of these |
D. phyletic gradualism
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In the same sample as the previous question, what proportion of all observations is within two standard deviations of the average value?
A. all B. none C. half D. 95% E. 68% |
D. 95%
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In the same sample as the previous question, what proportion of all observations is within one standard deviation of the average value?
A. all B. none C. half D. 95% E. 68% |
E. 68%
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A wide range of measurable characteristics of organisms, living and extinct, seem to be described by standardized Normal distributions. In any sample that fits this distribution, what proportion of the creatures is equal to or larger than the average size?
A. all B. none C. half D. 95% E. 68% |
C. half
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A rate of change in a population of 1 standard deviation over one generation is which of these?
A. 1 Darwin B. 1 Haldane C. 1 Fisher D. 1 Lewontin E. 1 muticon |
B. 1 Haldane
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Which genus seems to provide support for punctuated equilibrium?
A. Balanus B. Globorotalia C. Mimomys D. Metrarabdotos E. Equus |
D. Metrarabdotos
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Eldridge and Gould created the term punctuated equilibrium to describe what sort of data?
A. morphological data for many fossil species of marine animals B. morphological data for many fossil species of terrestrial animals C. genetic data for many lineages of marine animals D. genetic data from many lineages of terrestrial animals E. theoretical models of populations changing through time |
A. morphological data for many fossil species of marine animals
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According to Cope’s Rule members of multiple lineages all do what through time?
A. become larger B. become smaller C. become more complex D. become simpler E. go extinct |
A. become larger
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The data presented in your textbook suggest that horsed evolved hypsodont (=tall) teeth how many times?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 0 |
A. 1
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What is the best current hypothesis about the relationships of Homo floresensis, the recently described “hobbit” from Indonesia?
A. It is nothing more than a couple of deformed individuals of the modern Homo sapiens. B. It represents a late population related to Homo erectus. C. It represents a late population related to Australopithecus africanus. D. It represents a late population related to Homo heidelburgensis. E. none of these |
B. It represents a late population related to Homo erectus.
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Which species was recently transferred to Australopithecus by some authors?
A. Homo erectus B. Homo habilis C. Homo rudolfensis D. Homo neanderthalensis E. Homo antecessor |
B. Homo habilis
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Which species was the first to leave Africa?
A. Homo erectus B. Homo habilis C. Homo rudolfensis D. Homo neanderthalensis E. Homo antecessor |
A. Homo erectus
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Which species was originally described based on stone tools found in east Africa?
A. Homo erectus B. Homo habilis C. Homo rudolfensis D. Homo neanderthalensis E. Homo antecessor |
B. Homo habilis
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Which of these has the most species currently recognized?
A. Paranthropus B. Australopithecus C. Homo D. Orrorin E. Sahelanthropus |
B. Australopithecus
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Which of these was the most recently differentiated from others in its clade?
A. Paranthropus B. Australopithecus C. Homo D. Orrorin E. Sahelanthropus |
C. Homo
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Which is the oldest?
A. Paranthropus B. Australopithecus C. Homo D. Orrorin E. Sahelanthropus |
E. Sahelanthropus
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When did Hominines become differentiated from other mammals?
A. Paleocene B. Eocene C. Oligocene D. Miocene E. Pliocene |
D. Miocene
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When did whales become differentiated from other mammals?
A. Paleocene B. Eocene C. Oligocene D. Miocene E. Pliocene |
B. Eocene
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Which modern mammal seems to be the closest outgroup to whales?
A. dugongs B. manatees C. elephants D. hippos E. sea lions |
D. hippos
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Which of these is not a transitional form between ancestral reptiles and mammals?
A. Morganucodon B. Probainognathus C. Thrinaxodon D. Biarmosucus E. Ambulocetus |
E. Ambulocetus
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We like to use defining characteristics to identify lineages of creatures. In particular, we use shared synapomorphies to identify monophyletic clades. Why can’t we use feathers to identify birds as was done in the last century?
A. Many non-birds have feathers. B. Non-flying birds do not have feathers. C. Feathers seem to have arisen more than once. D. All feathers are no homologous E. Some fossil birds lack feathers. |
A. Many non-birds have feathers.
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Which of these is a bird?
A. Archaeopteryx B. Microraptor gui C. Caudipteryx D. Sinosauropteryx E. none of these |
E. none of these
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Which of these is a feathered dinosaur?
A. Archaeopteryx B. Microraptor gui C. Caudipteryx D. Sinosauropteryx E. all of these |
E. all of these
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Transitional fossils are now known for which transformational sequence?
A. wasps into ants B. fishes into tetrapods C. reptiles into mammals D. dinosaurs into birds E. all of these |
E. all of these
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Evolutionary changes associated with speciation are called which of these?
A. cladogensis B. anagenesis C. septemvolva D. punctuated equilibrium none of these |
A. cladogensis
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Evolutionary changes which occur during the life span of a species are called which of these?
A. cladogensis B. anagenesis C. septemvolva D. punctuated equilibrium none of these |
B. anagenesis
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Which of these ended with a mass extinction?
A. Permian B. Cretaceous C. Cambrian D. Ordovician E. all of these |
E. all of these
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Which of these is associated with the oldest records of eukaryotes?
A. Cenozoic B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Archean E. Proterozoic |
E. Proterozoic
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Which of these is associated with the oldest record of living creatures?
A. Cenozoic B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Archean E. Proterozoic |
D. Archean
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Which of these has subdivisions called epochs?
A. Cenozoic B. Paleozoic C. Mesozoic D. Archean E. Proterozoic |
A. Cenozoic
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Which of these has the shortest half-life?
A. 14C B. 40K C. 235U D. 238U E. 232Th |
A. 14C
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Which of these has the longest half-life?
A. 14C B. 40K C. 235U D. 238U E. 232Th |
E. 232Th
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If you started a group of 100,000 atoms of a newly synthesized element with a half-life of 10 minutes, how many atoms would you have after 40 minutes?
A. 50,000 B. 100,000 C. 25,000 D. 12,500 E. 6,250 |
E. 6,250
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If you started a group of 100,000 atoms of a newly synthesized element with a half-life of 10 minutes, how many atoms would you have after 20 minutes?
A. 50,000 B. 100,000 C. 25,000 D. 12,500 E. 6,250 |
C. 25,000
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If you started a group of 100,000 atoms of a newly synthesized element with a half-life of 10 minutes, how many atoms would you have after 10 minutes?
A. 50,000 B. 100,000 C. 25,000 D. 12,500 E. 6,250 |
A. 50,000
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If you started a group of 100,000 atoms of a newly synthesized element with a half-life of 10 minutes, how many atoms would you have after 30 minutes?
A. 50,000 B. 100,000 C. 25,000 D. 12,500 E. 6,250 |
D. 12,500
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Which of these affect the rate of decay of a radioactive nuclide?
A. temperature B. pressure C. chemical oxidation state D. cis-trans configuration E. none of these |
E. none of these
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What happens to subducted plates?
A. They are forced down into the asthenosphere. B. They are become molten again. C. They rise to the surface as magma fuelling volcanoes. D. all of these E. none of these |
D. all of these
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Continental plates are the light weight froth on top of the churning asthenospere.
A. true B. false |
A. true
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When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, which one is usually subducted?
A. oceanic plate B. continental plate C. both D. either E. Quien sabe? |
A. oceanic plate
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Who proposed the concept of continental drift?
A. Alfred Wegner B. Fritz Holling C. Charles Lyell D. Charles Darwin E. Francis Crick |
A. Alfred Wegner
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What is the approximate rate of sea floor spreading along the Mid-Atlantic ridge?
A. 1 cm per year B. 3 cm per year C. 5-10 cm per year D. 20-30 cm per year E. none of these |
C. 5-10 cm per year
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Which sort of rock strata are produced by partial melting of pre-existing strata?
A. sedimentary B. igneous C. metamorphic D. all of these E. none of these |
C. metamorphic
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Which sort of rock strata are produced by deposition of material from a water column?
A. sedimentary B. igneous C. metamorphic D. all of these E. none of these |
A. sedimentary
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Which sort of rock strata are produced directly by volcanic activity?
A. sedimentary B. igneous C. metamorphic D. all of these E. none of these |
B. igneous
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What is the scientific name for the fossil called Lucy?
A. Homo sapiens B. Australopithecus africanus C. Australopithecus afarensis D. Paranthropus boisei E. Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
C. Australopithecus afarensis
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