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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Steps of the scientific method |
observe, question, hypothesis (alternate, null), experiment & materials, collect data, conclude |
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what is and why do we use the scientific method |
it is a process to study the world around us, to evolve, advance, and grow |
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what is a hypothesis |
possible answer to the question, it is a statement. testable or falsifiable |
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why are not all hypothesis conductive to controlled experiments |
money, resources, ethical reasons |
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what is the difference between a model, theory, law
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model-some evidence to support but under certain conditions theory-tested over and over again but not universal law- universally accepted |
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What was the big test in Diamond's statement |
big test- polynesia as a whole, the small test was the maori vs the maoriari, their conflict showed societal differences due to different environmental conditions, different historical and societal environments. Maori Chatham- hunter gathers, no hierarchy. Maoriari New Zealand- fishers, came up with theory.
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what did Darwin believe
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all life descended from a common ancestor
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whats uniformitarian geology |
a theory that changes the earths surface have occurred gradually over long periods of time
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process of geologic speciation |
a new species can develop when a population becomes geographically isolated from its parental species |
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gradualism |
an existing species could give rise to a new species by a sudden leap or saltation |
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vertical evolutionism |
deals with adaptive changes in the time dimension |
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horizontal evolutionism |
origin on incipient species and how species as populations move into new environments |
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horizontal thinking about speciation permitted the solution of 3 problems, which were they? |
1.why and how species multiply 2. why there are discontinues of major groups of organisms, when concept of gradualism implies countless graduation between all groups 3. how higher taxa could evolve |
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theory of common descent |
all organisms were part of a single linear scale of ever growing perfection, continuing divergence and multiplication of species |
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biogeography |
change in the position of a man |
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what are darwins 5 theories |
1. evolution as such: world is not constant but steadily changing 2. common descent: every group of organisms descended from a common ancestor, from a single origin of life on earth 3. multiplication of species: explains origin of enormous organic diversity 4. gradualism: evolutionary change through population 5. natural selection: evolutionary change comes from production of genetic variation in every generation |
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evidence of speciation |
new lineages from old, interbreed ligers; hybrid cannot breed |
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evidence of microevolution |
change through time, stickleback, vestigal structure; an anatomical feature that no longer seems to have a purpose in the current form of an organism of a given species tail bone |
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evidence of macroevolution |
new form from old, transitional forms. ex: archaeopteryx has flight feathers like bird and dinosaur like skeleton with teeth and long tail |
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evidence of common ancestry |
all life forms are related; human, mole, horse |
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three differences in stickleback |
ocean; more plates, bigger eyes, larger fins |
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what does standard deviation tell you |
The standard deviation provides some idea about the distribution of scores around the mean (average). The smaller the standard deviation, the more narrow the range between the lowest and highest scores or, more generally, that the scores cluster closely to the average score.
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law of succession |
the general pattern of correspondance between fossil and living forms from the same local |
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transitional forms |
species showing mix of features, traits from ancestral populations and later in descendants archaeopteryx and dinosaur |
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why are the spine of stickleback important |
when a larger fish tries to eat a marine stickleback, the stickleback defends itself by extending the spines on its back and pelvis
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2 components of special creation |
1. all species are immutable (do not change since their origin), species were recently created, and variation among individuals is limited.
2. All species were created separately and are genealogically unrelated to each other. |
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difference between horizontal and lateral evolution |
Horizontal gene transfer is any process in which an organism transfers genetic material (i.e. DNA) to another cell that is not its offspring. By contrast, vertical transfer occurs when an organism receives genetic material from its ancestor, e.g. its parent or a species from which it evolved.
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ring species |
Ring species is two species populations that are living in the same region but do not interbreed but is connected by a geographic ring of populations that interbreed.
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what were the external factors that influenced the acceptance of Darwin's theories |
social economic vs. ideologice |
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difference between population thinking and essentialism |
population thinking: different bird from a general bird essentialism: ideal bird is a bird |
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what influenced darwin toward gradualism |
the differences between the mockingbird populations, the slight differences among many varieties and species of animals, barnacle researchers
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what led to darwin's theory of common descent |
galapagos mockingbird, every group of organisms descended form an ancestral species |
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difference between saltational and gradualism |
gradualism: the belief of advancing toward a goal by slow stages saltational: sudden change from one generation to the next |