Evolution Test 1

Front 1

What 3 things does the evolutionary theory explain?

Back 1

1. diversity of life
2. differences and similarities among organisms
3. The characteristics of organisms, both useful and non useful

Front 2

What is the ultimate source of variation?

Back 2

mutation

Front 3

What are 3 benefits of evolution?

Back 3

1. health and medicine
2. agriculture and natural resources
3. environment and conservation

Front 4

What is the difference between zoic rock layers and azoic rock layers?

Back 4

zoic- living, shallower
azoic- nonliving, deeper

Front 5

How old is the earth?

Back 5

4.5-4.6 billion years

Front 6

What is stratigraphy?

Back 6

studies rock layers and layering to find history

Front 7

What is the principle of superposition?

Back 7

oldest sedimentary layer of rock is found deeper than the youngest layer of rock

Front 8

What is the principle of cross-cutting relationships with rock layers?

Back 8

igneous rocks sometimes cuts through layers of sedimentary rocks but are younger than the layers

Front 9

What is the principle of faunal succession?

Back 9

The older the rock, the more primitive the fossil forms that were present.

Front 10

What scientist came up with catastrophism?

Back 10

Cuvier

Front 11

Describe the theory of catastrophism.

Back 11

geological changes and layers of strata were caused by floods and other catastrophes in biblical times and not by evolution.

Front 12

What scientist came up with Neptunism?

Back 12

Von Werner

Front 13

What is the theory of Neptunism?

Back 13

Earth was covered by a universal ocean and its rocks formed as chemical precipitates of that ocean

Front 14

What scientist first came up with uniformitarianism? Which scientist later expanded on it?

Back 14

Hutton; Lyell

Front 15

Describe uniformitarianism

Back 15

geological processes happening today are same as those happening millions of years ago and are gradual and can count for the evolution of the earth and of life

Front 16

When was radiometric dating first used?

Back 16

1940s

Front 17

What is radiometric dating?

Back 17

Uses known decay rates of parent isotopes to their daughter isotopes to date how old something is

Front 18

Which 3 radiometric dating methods can be used to date from 10 million to 4.6 billion years back?

Back 18

rubidium-strontium, uranium-lead, thorium-lead

Front 19

Which radiometric dating method can be used to date from 100-100,000 years back?

Back 19

carbon-14

Front 20

Order the eons from oldest to youngest.

Back 20

1. Hadean
2. Archean
3. Proterozoic
4. Phanerozoic

Front 21

Order the Eras of the Phanerozoic Eon from oldest to youngest.

Back 21

1. Paleozoic
2. Mesozoic
3. Cenozoic

Front 22

During which era and period did mammals first show up?

Back 22

mesozoic; Triassic

Front 23

During which era and period did dinosaurs first show up?

Back 23

mesozoic; triassic

Front 24

During which era and period did birds first show up?

Back 24

mesozoic; jurassic

Front 25

During which era and period did land plants and fish first show up?

Back 25

paleozoic; ordovician

Front 26

During which era and period did insects first show up?

Back 26

paleozoic; devonian

Front 27

During which era and period did reptiles first show up?

Back 27

paleozoic; carboniferous

Front 28

During which era and period did Homo first show up?

Back 28

cenozoic; tertiary

Front 29

What kind of evolution lead to analogy?

Back 29

convergent

Front 30

Describe Plato's evolutionary beliefs.

Back 30

fixity of species and that species are already in ideal form

Front 31

Who came up with Scala Naturae? Describe Scala Naturae?

Back 31

Aristotle; every organism is ordered in relation to man and organisms are unchanging since they were created in perfect form

Front 32

Who created the classification system of animals used today? How did he classify species?

Back 32

Linnaeus; every species could be classified by the first individual of the species discovered

Front 33

Who came up with comparitive biology?

Back 33

Cuvier

Front 34

What are the two features of Cuvier's comparitive biology?

Back 34

each species had its own harmony of parts (unity of structure) and groups of species have common harmonies

Front 35

Who was the first scientist to acknowledge extinct species and put forth idea that there might be relativeness b/t species that shared features?

Back 35

Cuvier

Front 36

What does organic mutability provide evidence for?

Back 36

that plants and animals were not constant in form; species could change through artificial selection

Front 37

What did Gilbert White prove?

Back 37

different breeds of pigeons traced back to Rock Dove and that many diverse forms can arise from a single stock

Front 38

What did Lyell conclude from examining fossil records and strata?

Back 38

calculated extinction rates of different species and found that the extinction rates were relatively constant from layer to layer—suggested species have been going extinct and new species have been arising

Front 39

Who proposed the earliest explanation for evolutionary change?

Back 39

Lamark

Front 40

Who proposed that acquired traits were passed on through generations?

Back 40

Lamark

Front 41

What was Lamark right about?

Back 41

organisms become over time better adapted to their environments through a process of selection against unfavorable traits.

Front 42

Did Darwin believe in species selection or individual selection?

Back 42

individual

Front 43

What are the four parts to Darwin's Theory of evolution?

Back 43

1. individuals within a species are variable
2. certain of these variants are passed on to offspring
3. in every generation, more offspring are produced than can survive
4. differential survival and reproduction (natural selection)

Front 44

What is the currency of natural selection?

Back 44

fitness

Front 45

What is fitness?

Back 45

ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment

Front 46

What are traits that confer a high fitness?

Back 46

adaptations

Front 47

Who competed with Darwin in publishing about evolution?

Back 47

Wallace

Front 48

What are the 3 dilemmas Darwin faced?

Back 48

1. stability and effectiveness of change
2. maintenance of variation
3. natural selection can't explain speciation

Front 49

What was wrong with the stability and effectiveness of change, the dilemma Darwin faced?

Back 49

1. When artificial selection is relaxed, the species reverts back to its wild type due to limits of natural selection
2. variation is unstable and artificial selection has a limit to how long a trait can be extended
3. small differences aren't large enough

Front 50

Who broke the plateau of natural selection?

Back 50

Castle

Front 51

What did Castle experiment with?

Back 51

the racing stripe width of hooded rats

Front 52

How long did it take until Castle hit the plateau with racing stripes on hooded rats?

Back 52

10-15 generations

Front 53

How did Castle overcome the artificial selection plateau?

Back 53

every 5 generations, he crossed the experimental rats with the control rats

Front 54

What are the 3 reasons proposed that variation is hard to maintain?

Back 54

1. blending inheritance
2. environmental variation--thought to induce most variation
3. survival of mutants--thought to be rare

Front 55

Who came up with blending inheritance?

Back 55

Fleeming Jenkin

Front 56

What did Nilsson and Ehle experiment with?What did they find?

Back 56

polygenic inheritance in wheat kernels; 10 segregating factors were involved

Front 57

What couldn't natural selection explain speciation?

Back 57

no mechanisms to promote speciation were known and adaptive divergence can result in reproductive isolation; fossil record had punctual instead of gradual change

Front 58

What evolution problem did Mendel solve?

Back 58

heritability (independent assortment, segregation of alleles, inheritance of discrete traits)--not only mutation

Front 59

What evolution problems weren't solved by Mendel?

Back 59

inheritance for continuous traits

Front 60

Who were the men of modern synthesis involved in population genetics?

Back 60

Fisher, Haldane, Wright

Front 61

Who were the men of modern synthesis involved in mutation's role in evolution?

Back 61

Dobzhansky

Front 62

Who were the men of modern synthesis involved in evolution of species?

Back 62

Huxley, Mayr, Simpson, Stebbins, Rensch

Front 63

What did Fisher, Haldane, and Wright prove about mutation?

Back 63

demonstrated that mutation is not an alternative to natural selection and that mutation is the raw material upon which natural selection and other forces of evolution act

Front 64

What did Dobzhansky experiment with?

Back 64

fruit flies

Front 65

What did Dobzhansky demonstrate about natural populations?

Back 65

natural populations harbor the same mutant phenotypes as laboratory populations and that laboratory genetics studies were indeed relevant to evolution in nature

Front 66

What did Dobzhansky write?

Back 66

Genetics and the Origin of Species

Front 67

What impact did the men of modern synthesis have?

Back 67

1. Integration of genetics and Darwinian evolutionary theory
2. microevolution leads to macroevolution
3. anagenesis leads to cladogenesis

Front 68

anagenesis vs. cladogenesis?

Back 68

anagenesis- evolution within a lineage
cladogenesis- evolution that results in the splitting of a lineage

Front 69

Who came up with intelligent design?

Back 69

Behe

Front 70

What are the 3 postulates of Intelligent Design?

Back 70

1. irreducible complexity
2. cellular life is too complex for random mutations
3. an Intelligent Designer

Front 71

Who thought up irreducible complexity?

Back 71

Paley

Front 72

Give an example of an exception to irreducible complexity?

Back 72

eel sperm

Front 73

What are the 2 ways new alleles rise?

Back 73

1. mistakes during DNA replication
2. failure of DNA repair mechanism

Front 74

What are the two types of substitution point mutations?

Back 74

transitions and transversions

Front 75

What are the basis of microsatellite alleles?

Back 75

dinucleotide repeats

Front 76

What is a satellite?

Back 76

repeating motifs of DNA

Front 77

What forms dinucleotide repeats?

Back 77

slippage

Front 78

What codon position is usually changed in a silent mutation?

Back 78

third

Front 79

How many point mutations are silent?

Back 79

70%

Front 80

What do missense mutations create?

Back 80

null alleles

Front 81

What kind of mutation is sickle cell anemia? What is mutated?

Back 81

missense; glutamate is switched to valine--> nonfunctional hemoglobin

Front 82

What are the 3 stop codons?

Back 82

UGA, UAA, UAG

Front 83

In a frameshift mutation, which codons are changed?

Back 83

all codons downstream of mutation

Front 84

What is the rate of spontaneous mutation?

Back 84

1/billion nucleotides

Front 85

What are 3 examples of mutagens?

Back 85

1. uv rays
2. ionizing radiation
3. pesticides/ chemicals

Front 86

How is mutation affected by the environment?

Back 86

mutation rates are affected, mutations are independent

Front 87

What are karyotypic mutations?

Back 87

mutations that result in changes in more than one chromosome

Front 88

What are chromosomal mutations?

Back 88

mutation results in changes in more than one gene on the SAME chromosome

Front 89

What are the types of karyotypic mutations?

Back 89

allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy

Front 90

What is polyploidy? What type of mutation is it?

Back 90

entire sets of chromosomes duplicate; karyotypic

Front 91

What is the difference b/t allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy?

Back 91

allo- the duplicate sets of chromosomes come from two distinct sources
auto- the duplicate sets of chromosomes come from the same source

Front 92

What are the HWE assumptions?

Back 92

1. large population size >1000
2. no natural selection, no mutation, no migration
3. random mating with respect to genotypes

Front 93

What are examples of HWE?

Back 93

blood types and surface antigens

Front 94

What are the HWE implications?

Back 94

1. genotype frequencies remain constant
2. allele variation aren't lost
3. one generation of random mating will restore to HWE

Front 95

What is the chi squared value?

Back 95

3.841

Front 96

What are the deviations from HWE?

Back 96

Mutation, Migration, Genetic Drift and Inbreeding, Natural Selection and Sexual Selection