Evolution

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Evolution

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genetic change in a species or population over time

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Phylogeny

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History of the evolution or species

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Cladogram

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Diagram that shows the differences and similarities between species

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Natural selection

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Favors the passing on of some alleles over others

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Mutation

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a change in the genetic code of an allele; positive and negative

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Migration

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introduce or remove alleles in a population

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Adaptation

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a structure, behavior, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular enviroment

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Speciation

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members of the same species split into two or more new species

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Genetic Drift

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Allele frequencies vary unpredictably from generation to the next

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Bottleneck Effect

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massive population loss causes the surviving alleles to be over expressed in future generation

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Gene Flow

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When organisms migrate they alter allele frequencies of both

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Variation

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differences between cells, organisms, or groups caused by genetic differences or environmental factors

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Negative Selection

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negative traits are selected for, removal of rare alleles that are bad

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Non Random Mating

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looking for ideal mates, not by chance , looking for certain aspects

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Paleontology

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scientific investigation of prehistoric life through fossils

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Discontinuous Variation

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individuals fall into discrete categories

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Hardy Weinberg

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allele and genotype frequencies will remain the same from generation to generation

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Microevolution

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evolutionary change in a short period of time

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Mimicry

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when species copy a different species to protect 1 or both

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Fossil

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the remains or impressions of a prehistoric organism preserved in rock

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Survival of the fittest

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continued existence of organisms that are best adapted to their enviroment

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Phyletic Gradualism

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theorizes that most speciation is slow, uniformed, and gradual

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Macroevolution

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evolutionary change in a long period of time

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Continous

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no limit on the value that can occur within a population

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Positive Selection

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increases prevalance of adaptive traits

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Founder Effect

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genetic drift that results when a potion of a species move to new place and create new population

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Buffon

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as lifeforms migrated Earth basic forms were modified as it resulted to the environment

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Lyell

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Principles of geology- inspiration for charles darwin

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Lamarck

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1st to propose theory of causes and mechanisms of organic evolution

path of progression

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Darwin

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theory of process of evolution by natural selection

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Malthus

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ideas of overpopulation and death helped shape the idea of natural selection

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Wallace

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theory of evolution

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state and explain darwins theory of natural selection

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those that are able to adapt to the environment are more likely to survive, so they are favored by natural selection

basically those that can adapt do to survive while the others die out

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differences between lamarck and darwins theory

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Lamarck- all of the same species adapted the same (same specie-same trait)

Darwin- not all of the same species evolve, the ones that cannot survive die out (same species-different traits)

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Mechanisms of Microevolution

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Natural selection

Sexual ""

Artificial ""

Genetic Drift

Gene Flow

Mutation

Migration

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Stabilizing selection

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middle phenotype at advantage

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Directional Selection

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Extreme phenotype favoured

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Disruptive Selection

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2 extremes are favored

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Mechanism of speciation

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for speciation to occur members of ancestral species must become isolated from each other

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Various reproductive isolating mechanisms

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Cant mate because:

Spatial- live in different areas

Temporal- look for mates at different times

Mechanical- reproductive organisms not compatible

Gametic- gametes cant fuse

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Hardy Weinberg theory and significance

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allele and genotype frequencies will remain the same from generation to generation

distributing factors causes allele frequencies to change which lead to evolutionary change

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Conditions of a non evolving population

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no natural selcetion

no selective mating

no mutation

no genetic drift/gene flow

very large population size

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HW equations

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AA= p^2

aa=q^2

Aa=2pq

p+q=1

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

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explain effects of mutation, migration, genetic drift, non random mating, population size, and selection on the gene/allele frequencies in a population

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All of these cause population to change resulting in natural selection. they adapt to the environment and the one that has the survival trait lives and passes it on to offspring

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Structural adaptation

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physical features that help survival

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Behavioural adaptations

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things organisms do to survive

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Physiological Adaptations

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metabolic adjustments within cells or tissues which help it cope with the environment

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Sympatric speciation

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new species evolve when living in the same location as original

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Allopatrick speciation

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when population is seperated by physical barrier Ex. flood

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What is Tikaalik

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a species that has many aspects of both fish and a fourlimbed land vertebrae

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What makes humans unique

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exceptional ability to learn

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anthropoid splits into what two groups

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monkeys and hominoids (apes)

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selective pressures

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environmental factors which may reduce reproductive success in a population