Evolution Of Vert. Final (1, 2, 3)

Front 1

What domain are vertebrates in?

Back 1

Eukaryota

Front 2

Three characteristics of the kingdom animalia

Back 2

heterotrophic, multicellular, and lack cell walls

Front 3

4 characteristics of chordata

Back 3

notochord, pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and post-anal tail

Front 4

3 subphyla of chordata

Back 4

urochordata, cephalochordata, and vertebrata

Front 5

what does "urochordata" mean?

Back 5

tail chord

Front 6

3 traits of urochordata

Back 6

marine filter-feeders, adult is sessile, and larva is mobile

Front 7

common name of urochordata

Back 7

tunicate/sea squirt

Front 8

what does"cephalochordata" mean?

Back 8

head chord

Front 9

What is the common name of cephalochordata?

Back 9

amphioxus/lancelet

Front 10

2 characteristics of cephalochordata

Back 10

marine filter feeders and semi-sessile

Front 11

3 ways cephalochordates are similar to vertebrates

Back 11

closed cardiovascular system with muscular heart, similar muscular proteins, and similar organization of cranial nerves

Front 12

2 differences between cephalochordates and vertebrates

Back 12

Cephalochordates have protonephridia the filters coelomic fluid, but vertebrates have nephrons that filter blood. Cephalochordates have alternate spinal nerves, but vertebrates have successive pairs

Front 13

3 characteristics of vertebrates?

Back 13

cranium/braincase, backbone (either notochord or vertebral column), and paired appendages/limb girdles

Front 14

14 vertebrate groups

Back 14

Myxini, Cephalaspidomorphi, Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, Sarcopterygii, Caudata, Caecilians, Anura, Turtles, Crocodilia, Birds, Tautara, Squamates, and Mammals

Front 15

Approximate number of total vertebrate species

Back 15

57,000

Front 16

8 anatomical terms

Back 16

anterior (towards head), posterior (towards tail), distal (towards end of appendage), proximal (towards body concerning an appendage), dorsal (back), ventral (belly), medial (towards mid-line), and lateral (away from mid-line)

Front 17

Describe the body form of a fish

Back 17

Made of a head, trunk, and tail. Fusiform and hydrodynamic

Front 18

What type of locomotion is the fusiform body shape associated with?

Back 18

aquatic

Front 19

Describe the body form of a terrestrial vertebrate

Back 19

movable head of constricted, elongated neck. Caudal region constricted and used for balance and communication rather than locomotion. larger, more pronounced limbs

Front 20

Type of locomotion that frees forelimbs for functions other than terrestrial locomotion. Walking on two legs

Back 20

bipedal locomotion

Front 21

Type of locomotion that uses strong hind limbs with large bones and associated musculature. Jumping locomotion

Back 21

Saltatory locomotion

Front 22

Type of locomotion associated with short, rigid bodies. Flying or gliding

Back 22

Aerial locomotion

Front 23

Some functions of vertebrate integument (10)

Back 23

Protection, temperature regulation, calcium storage, vitamin D synthesis, water/electrolyte balance, excretion, gas exchange, microbial defense, sensory, and production of pheromones

Front 24

2 layers of vertebrate integument

Back 24

epidermis and dermis

Front 25

Describe the two layers of fish integument

Back 25

Epidermis: a thin layer of living cells that secretes mucus. Dermis: Bony dermal scales

Front 26

2 functions of terrestrial vertebrate epidermis

Back 26

protection from dessication and protection from abrasion

Front 27

2 layers of terrestrial vertebrate epidermis

Back 27

Stratum germinativum and stratum corneum

Front 28

Describe amphibian integument

Back 28

thin, moist, and highly vascularized

Front 29

What kind of scales do reptiles have?

Back 29

epidermal scales

Front 30

Describe bird integument

Back 30

thin, covered in either scales or feathers

Front 31

Describe mammal integument

Back 31

Thick dermis and covered in hair/fur

Front 32

4 integument accessory structures

Back 32

claws, nails, hooves, and beaks

Front 33

What is a vertebral column?

Back 33

A sequence of individual vertebra

Front 34

3 parts of a vertebra

Back 34

centrum, neural arch, and hemal arch (in fish only)

Front 35

What are the functions of the neural and hemal arches?

Back 35

Neural arch: protects spinal cord. Hemal arch: protects the large blood vessel in fish

Front 36

2 vertebral column regions in fish

Back 36

trunk and caudal

Front 37

5 vertebral column regions in tetrapods

Back 37

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal

Front 38

Function of the skull

Back 38

supports and protects the brain and sensory organs

Front 39

what three groups have a chondrocranium?

Back 39

Myxini, Cephalaspidomorphi, and chondrichthyes

Front 40

How many gill arches did primitive vertebrates have?

Back 40

7

Front 41

How did jaws evolve?

Back 41

elements of the first anterior gill arches evolved into jaws and became encased in dermal bone

Front 42

What kind of dentition do amphibians, reptiles, and some mammals have?

Back 42

homodont dentition

Front 43

Define homodont dentition

Back 43

simple, conical, and numerous teeth that evolved for grasping/holding food

Front 44

3 places that fish have teeth

Back 44

palate, tongue, and pharynx

Front 45

Define heterodont dentition

Back 45

teeth adapted for different function

Front 46

What type of dentition do most mammals have?

Back 46

heterodont

Front 47

4 types of heterodont teeth

Back 47

incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

Front 48

In what group of animals are teeth completely lost?

Back 48

Baleen Whales

Front 49

In what two groups of animals have teeth been replaced by beaks?

Back 49

Turtles and birds

Front 50

What did tetrapod appendages evolve from?

Back 50

the fins of lobe-finned fishes

Front 51

3 elements of tetrapod appendages

Back 51

proximal, intermediate, and terminal

Front 52

2 characteristics and 2 functions of tetrapod appendages

Back 52

characteristics: robust bones and very muscular. Functions: support and move the body

Front 53

Why are posterior limb larger in cursorial animals?

Back 53

to provide rapid acceleration and support more body weight

Front 54

Describe the digits of cursorial animals

Back 54

reduced

Front 55

What is a homologous structure?

Back 55

structures that developed from the same embryonic tissues in two or more organisms sharing a common ancestor

Front 56

What is an analogous structure?

Back 56

structures that resemble one another superficially and are uses for the same purpose, but may or may not arise from the same evolutionary structure

Front 57

What is convergent evolution?

Back 57

when organisms that are not closely related become similar due to independent adaptations to similar enviroments

Front 58

What type of muscular is prominent in fish?

Back 58

axial

Front 59

what are the axial muscles of fish called?

Back 59

myomeres

Front 60

describe the axial and appendicular musculature of tetrapods

Back 60

the axial musculature is reduced and the appendicular musculature is better developed

Front 61

define "gas exchange"

Back 61

the diffusion of oxygen from water or air into the bloodstream, and the diffusion of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into water or air

Front 62

What are the plate-like structures in fish gills called?

Back 62

lamellar structures

Front 63

Describe the two ways air breathing animals draw air into the body

Back 63

Amphibians: force air into the lungs. Reptiles, birds, and mammals: reduce the atmospheric pressure of the lungs to pull air in

Front 64

3 animals/groups that use integumentary gas exchange

Back 64

amphibians, bats, and turtles

Front 65

What structure in fish is homologous to lungs?

Back 65

swim bladder

Front 66

what are the two possible functions of a swim bladder?

Back 66

buoyancy control and to supplement gill breathing

Front 67

What system in vertebrates is strongly tied to respiration?

Back 67

circulatory system

Front 68

5 main components of the circulatory system

Back 68

heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, and blood

Front 69

What are the two components of blood?

Back 69

cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and plasma

Front 70

6 things blood can transport

Back 70

oxygen, carbon dioxide, metabolic products, nutrients, hormones, and antibodies

Front 71

What does endothermic mean?

Back 71

can regulate body temperature

Front 72

what does homeothermic mean?

Back 72

maintains a constant body temperature

Front 73

describe the circulatory system of a fish

Back 73

2 chambered heart, single circuit

Front 74

describe the circulatory system of lung breathers

Back 74

3 or 4 chambered heart and increasingly divided circuits

Front 75

Why are increasingly divided circuits important to lung breather circulatory systems?

Back 75

increases the concentration gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide so gas exchange becomes more efficient

Front 76

7 components of the digestive system

Back 76

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus/cloaca

Front 77

Contrast the digestive systems of fish to that of terrestrial vertebrates

Back 77

Fish: short, straight tube through the body. Terrestrial vertebrates: longer, more coiled tube. digestive organs move posterior to accommodate increasingly large lungs

Front 78

What do aquatic vs terrestrial digestive systems use for lubrication?

Back 78

Aquatic: water. Terrestrial: mucus and saliva

Front 79

3 digestive specializations

Back 79

gizzards in bird, chambered stomachs in ruminants, and spiral valves in sharks

Front 80

4 parts of the nervous system (3 are brain)

Back 80

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord

Front 81

8 components of the forebrain

Back 81

olfactory bulb, cerebrum, optic lobe, parietal eye, pineal body, thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary

Front 82

In what groups is the forebrain best developed and why?

Back 82

hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous fish because they locate food using olfactory cues

Front 83

In what groups is the midbrain best developed and why?

Back 83

bony fish and amphibians because of the importance of vision in obtaining food

Front 84

What are the 3 parts of the hindbrain?

Back 84

cerebellum, medulla, and pons

Front 85

What is the purpose of the cerebellum?

Back 85

muscular control and coordination

Front 86

In what group is the hindbrain best developed and why?

Back 86

birds because of the need for coordination in flight

Front 87

contrast the nasal region of non-sarcopterygian fishes to all other vertebrates

Back 87

non-sarcopterygian fishes: paired, blind ended pits called nasal sacs. Other vertebrates: the nasal region is connected to the oral cavity

Front 88

In what types of vertebrates is vision lost or reduced?

Back 88

cave dwelling or subterranean species

Front 89

4 groups that have a parietal eye

Back 89

hagfish, lamprey, tuatara, and some squamates

Front 90

What kind of hearing receptors do fish have?

Back 90

neuromasts located in the lateral line

Front 91

In what type of vertebrates is hearing best developed?

Back 91

noisy

Front 92

4 functions of hearing

Back 92

warning, mate attraction, location of food, and social contact

Front 93

2 animals that can hear infrasounds

Back 93

elephants and manatees

Front 94

animal that can hear ultrasounds

Back 94

bats

Front 95

what is the purpose of the endocrine system?

Back 95

to control chemicals in the body

Front 96

What glands secrete hormones

Back 96

endocrine glands

Front 97

3 purposes of the kidney

Back 97

nitrogenous waste removal, excess salt removal, and water balance

Front 98

2 adaptations of freshwater fish that allow them to survive in water with lower concentration than their body fluids

Back 98

large nephrons and very dilute urine

Front 99

Adaptation of bony marine fish and cartilaginous marine fish to help them survive in water with salt concentrations higher than their own body fluids

Back 99

bony fish: small nephrons and can excrete salt through gills. Cartilaginous fish: retain urea in body fluids, raising their osmotic pressure

Front 100

2 adaptations that help terrestrial vertebrates retain water

Back 100

small filtering components of nephrons and large tubules for reabsortion

Front 101

3 types of kidneys

Back 101

pronephros, opisthonephros, and metanephros

Front 102

3 characteristics of pronephros

Back 102

developmental stage in all vertebrates, functional in larval fish and amphibians, and the adult kidney in hagfish

Front 103

What are opisthonephros?

Back 103

the functional kidneys of adult lampreys, fishes, and amphibians

Front 104

What are metanephros?

Back 104

the functional kidneys of birds and mammals

Front 105

What does dioecious mean?

Back 105

Species that have a male and female

Front 106

Monomorphic vs dimorphic

Back 106

monomorphic: males and females are identical. Dimorphic: males and females are distinct

Front 107

What is parthenogenesis?

Back 107

When eggs develop without fertilization

Front 108

4 types of species recognition

Back 108

sight, sound, smell, and touch

Front 109

3 factors that influence reproductive output

Back 109

endotherms vs ectotherms, environmental factors, and method of fertilization

Front 110

Characteristics of external fertilization

Back 110

lots of gametes produced, and a low chance of fertilization and survival for each individual offspring

Front 111

Characteristics of internal fertilization

Back 111

fewer gametes produced, and a much higher chance of fertilization and survival

Front 112

7 components of an amniotic egg

Back 112

shell, chorion, allantios, yolk sac, amnion, amnionic fluid, and embryo

Front 113

What the the purpose of the amnion?

Back 113

protection

Front 114

What is delayed fertilization, and what 3 animals can do it?

Back 114

Females can store viable sperm for long periods of time. bats, snakes, and turtles

Front 115

4 characteristics of R strategists

Back 115

High reproductive rates, small animals, large number of offspring, and reproduce at an early age

Front 116

3 characteristics of K strategists

Back 116

Low reproductive rates, takes longer to reach reproductive age, and larger animals

Front 117

define precocial

Back 117

Well developed at birth or hatching, very independent

Front 118

define altricial

Back 118

Underdeveloped at birth or hatching, very dependent on parental care

Front 119

3 modes of reproduction

Back 119

oviparous (egg-laying), viviparous (live young), and ovoviviparity (retain eggs in body)