Evolution Of Psychology (Baruch) Test 1 (Chap 1-5)

Front 1

The Tao

Back 1

The way, the truth, the unnameable phenomenon in the universe. Beginning of all things and how non-being comes into being

Front 2

Lao Tzu

Back 2

Developed Taoist school

Front 3

Yin/Yang

Back 3

Yin=Darkness,negative, weak

Yang= Light,positive, passive

Front 4

5 Agents (Chinese philosophy)

Back 4

Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth

Front 5

Chinese philosophy. Reality is constructed by ____, ____, and _______

Back 5

Ying, Yang and 5 Agents

Front 6

Feng Shui

Back 6

We are products of the universe, our homes must be arranged to harmonize with natural forces of wind and water

Front 7

Mencius

Back 7

Believed in innate goodness in human. No need for reward/punishment.

Front 8

Li

Back 8

Principle of laws embedded in all even before it exists.

Front 9

All Li is brought together by ______

Back 9

T'ai Chi

Front 10

Jen

Back 10

Human-heartedness or loving others

Front 11

Chung and Shu

Back 11

Golden rule and its opposite (make up Jen)

Front 12

Yi

Back 12

Righteousness,what we ought to do

Front 13

Li (Alternate meaning)

Back 13

Profit or external pressure

Front 14

Signal of Righteousness

Back 14

Shame and Dislike

Front 15

Signal of Human-Heartedness

Back 15

Commiseration

Front 16

Signal of Propriety

Back 16

Modesty and Yielding

Front 17

Signal of Wisdom

Back 17

Ability to tell right from wrong

Front 18

(Chinese philosophy) Distinguish humans from animals

Back 18

Righteousness, Humanheartedness, Propriety and Wisdom

Front 19

3 Chinese beliefs on human innate morality

Back 19

Humans are inherently

Neither good nor evil

Both good and evil

Some good and some bad

Front 20

"All we can try to do is what we ought to do, without worrying much about whether we succeed or fail"

Back 20

quote by Confucius

Front 21

Progressed from knowledge to proper behavior to having no doubts (Wisdom) to knowing super-moral values and finally following desires while following the right Path

Back 21

Confucius

Front 22

Doctrine of the mean

Back 22

Moderation, centrality, harmony, in all human actions

Front 23

Leads our mind to equilibrium (Chinese philosophy)

Back 23

Centrality

Front 24

The state of the mind before feelings (Chinese philosophy)

Back 24

Equilibrium

Front 25

“The ruler is said to be the most virtuous and loving to all mankind, a follower of the Tao, who practices enlightenment. He possesses the truth, and is free of prejudice, acting intelligently and purposefully rather than blindly.”

Back 25

– Lao Tzu

Front 26

opponent of Confucius, accused him of being too traditional. Must obey god and lead life of love and respect. Agreed with Confucius on Jen and Yi. Against predetermined fate. Began self-defense military school.

Back 26

Mo Tzu

Front 27

Social Control and Naturalism. We are just as important as heaven and earth. Humans dictate culture

Back 27

Hsun Tzu

Front 28

Explore self through self-awareness

Karma

The ultimate self can never be knownSelf awareness allows us to know ourselves as a subject and not as an object of others’ knowledge.

Atman (internal reality) Brahman (external reality) are one and infinite

Back 28

The Upanisads

Front 29

sees world through math and musical harmony

Back 29

Pythagoras

Front 30

“You’re ignorant of being ignorant!”

Back 30

Socrates

Front 31

man is the measure of all things.

Back 31

Relativism

Front 32

No absolute truth

Back 32

Protagoras

Front 33

a force that forever keeps the universe changing that is part of our soul but is against the idea of constant change

Back 33

One reality-

Front 34

believed that the perception of change is an illusion of our senses so there is no plurality. Only one reality and everything would bear the characteristics of that.

Back 34

Zeno’s Paradox

Front 35

First cause? Must be one… God. Final cause? Soul which gives the body purpose and makes it what it is.

Back 35

Aristotle

Front 36

programmed by God to act

Back 36

Leibniz

Front 37

ideas cannot exist without God giving them to us. When we attempt to understand the soul or mind we are really attempting to understand God

Back 37

Berkeley

Front 38

still need to use reason despite divine illumination

Back 38

Baruch Spinoza-

Front 39

we can always choose to do something different from what we have chosen. We are thus responsible for our own lives.

Back 39

Leibniz, Hypothetical necessity-

Front 40

Founder of Associanitism

Back 40

David Hartley

Front 41

Thought brain and spinal cord nerves contained particles that vibrate. Thought brain was not just a cooling device and believed the soul and mind resided there and not in the heart as was previously believed.

Back 41

David Hartley

Front 42

we are making associations constantly.

Back 42

Stream of consciousness:

Front 43

Rules for how ideas are associated with one another:

Back 43

Contiguity: Paired over time

Similarity: Similar functions

Front 44

Brick Wall guy- mental mechanicsMind is machine. Experience leads to ideas.Association binds ideas

Back 44

James MIll

Front 45

(Son)Coalescence guy along with Hartley.Mental Chemistry- ideas are entirely novel.Gestalt- holism- coalescence.

Back 45

John Stuart Mill

Front 46

Aim- determine the relationship between a physical quantity and the psychological sensation of that quantity (Weight vs Heaviness)

Back 46

Psychophysics

Front 47

Ernst Weber Thresholds

Back 47

Absolute: Presence vs absence

Difference threshold: JND

Front 48

"Sensations do not correspond to the world one-to one. The world is not exactly how we see it."

Back 48

Ernst Weber

Front 49

"Brain size must equal mental function."

Back 49

- Franz Gall

Front 50

the science of reading bumps on the skull- the first personality test!

Back 50

Phrenology

Front 51

Appearance reflects character and intelligence.

Back 51

Physiognomy

Front 52

Sheldon's Body types

Back 52

Mesomorphic- energetic and courageous

Endomorphic- Relaxed, gregarious, foodies.

Ectomorphic- fearful, introverted, restrained, intellectual

Front 53

Knowing the location of a part of the brain does not inform you of the content details.

Shows which parts of the brain are active but not with the detail often supplied by psychological explanations of the mind.

Back 53

The Problem with EEG’s,fMRI’s

Front 54

Associationists- There are aspects of the mind can be analyzed and described.

Psychophysics- Sensations can be measured.

Sensory Psychophysiology- Physiological basis to the mind and the mind can be studied using an experimental method.

Back 54

Precursors to a Science of Psychology

Front 55

independent of prior knowledge or interpretation

Back 55

Immediate Experience-

Front 56

the reaction mediated by knowledge and understanding

Back 56

Mediate Experience-

Front 57

Higher mental processes could not be studied experimentally but could be explored through folk psychology

Back 57

Wundt

Front 58

focusing on the experience of sensation itself, not any interpretation of that sensation. Don’t report mediate experiences, only mediate ones. Training needed.

Back 58

Internal Perception-

Front 59

No clear demarcation between participant and experimenter.

Observer cannot be taken by surprise.

Strained Attention-

Report stimulus not memory

Back 59

Internal Perception

Front 60

Analyze contents of consciousness

Discover how basic elements are connected

Determine the laws that underlie the connections between elements

Back 60

Wundt’s Goals for Psychology

Front 61

Sensastions and Feelings

Back 61

Wudnt's elements of Consciousness

Front 62

Feelings:

Back 62

Pleasurable-Unpleasurable

Exciting-Depressing

Relaxation-Strain

Front 63

Attention and intention, learning new info on basis of old

Back 63

Apperception

Front 64

immediate experience reflects an active process of intention

Back 64

Voluntarism

Front 65

1st psychological clinic

Back 65

Witmer

Front 66

All experience is mediate

Higher consciousness can be studiedIncluded images in consciousness

Psychology established as an experiential science of consciousness

Evidence based researchBasic research to understand the mind

Back 66

Edward Titchener

Front 67

Reality is composed of innumerable microscopic and indivisible bodies in continuous motion in infinite space.
There are many worlds like ours.

World is made up of objective primary qualities: size, shape, and motion.

Our minds collect layers of atoms from the external world through our senses and into our breast.

Senses are not real but form the basis of the mind-body relationship.

Back 67

Atomist

Front 68

Humans are like engines and action can be explained by the body’s behavior and the causes operating on it.

Back 68

Hobbes

Front 69

All matter is in motion.Body and soul are one.

Back 69

Hobbes

Front 70

Motion ->Senses-> Brain -> pressure

Thought is the movement of substances in our heads.

Thoughts last until motion is degraded by new motions.

Back 70

Hobbes

Front 71

Dreams are incoherent because they don’t react to any sense organ and only reflect the past. Just internal motion

Back 71

Hobbes

Front 72

Thought directed by desire or emotion like fear.

Back 72

Guided thought

Front 73

thoughts like dreams

Back 73

unguided thought

Front 74

Dreams and bodily states are connected:

Back 74

Hobbes

Front 75

Imagination is decaying sense

Back 75

Hobbes

Front 76

Pineal Gland- principle seat of the soul

Back 76

Rene Descartes

Front 77

an evil demon can deceive us into believing falsely that certain things exist when they don’t.

Back 77

Evil Demon Hypothesis

Front 78

we may actually be dreaming right now! Don’t trust your senses.

Back 78

Dream Hypothesis

Front 79

I think; therefore I am

Back 79

Cognito Ergo Sum

Front 80

animal spirits-

Back 80

neural transmission today.

Front 81

Humans have reflexes like animals or machines but also have a spirit, which animals do not

Back 81

Descartes animal vs Human difference

Front 82

Mind and body interact but are separate. The mind is not material.

Back 82

Descartes

Front 83

Aspects of mental processes which cannot be accomplished by physical processes: abstract ideas from scientific thoughts.

Back 83

Karl Popper

Front 84

Karl popper's worlds

Back 84

World 1- physical objects

World 2- the world of mental processes governed by rules or logic

World 3- Abstract ideas exist

Front 85

knowledge comes from experience!

Back 85

Empiricism, John Locke

Front 86

Ideas are not innate. Morals are not innate but can be reasoned.

Back 86

John Locke

Front 87

Interpretation changes the sensation and experience moves from immediate to mediate.

Back 87

John Locke

Front 88

collecting facts and inferring a general law. Can never be proven

Back 88

Inductivism-

Front 89

if a statement can be shown false through observation, it is scientific

Back 89

Falsification-

Front 90

Psychology is only a science if

Back 90

hypotheses can be falsifiable through observation.

Front 91

Theories and hypotheses are never proven only _______ or ________

Back 91

confirmed or dis confirmed.

Front 92

Normal science proceeds within a _______

Back 92

metatheoretical assumption (paradigm)

Front 93

Theories are allowed to change within a paradigm but _____ and ____ are not

Back 93

methods and scope

Front 94

viewed science as a means toward humanistic insight, not just basic research. Saw psychology as a bridge between philosophy, religion, and science

Back 94

William James

Front 95

the meaningfulness of ideas in terms of rational usefulness to our lives

Back 95

Pragmatism

Front 96

Founded pragmatism

Back 96

Charles Pierce

Front 97

don’t reject a hypothesis if it aids our lives

Back 97

Rational usefulness-

Front 98

developed to counter doubt and we hold beliefs for prediction. Goal-to determine truth

Back 98

Habits (William James)

Front 99

Truth was about practicality. We make something true

Back 99

William James

Front 100

Function of the mind can control behavior

Back 100

Functionalism

Front 101

"consciousness like a flowing stream not made up of elements"

Back 101

William James

Front 102

Stimulus is perceived, then causes a physiological reaction/behavior, and this then causes an emotional response

Emotions don’t cause behavior.

Back 102

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Front 103

do what you know to be right intentionally, and you will eventually do what is right unintentionally

Back 103

William James

Front 104

Created the first American Psychology lab in 1883 after studying with Wundt

Back 104

G Stanley Hall

Front 105

he founded the APA in 1892 while James was out of town.

Back 105

G Stanley Hall

Front 106

Coined the term functionalism to distinguish the approach from Titchener

Back 106

James Angell

Front 107

Wanted to study the function of the mind agreeing with Darwin that the mind’s function is to control behavior

Back 107

James Angell

Front 108

Psych. is the study of mental operations and not mental elements

Mind is the mediator between the organism and the environment.

Goal is to study unconscious and automatic processes in addition to conscious experience.

Against introspection- wanted objective measures only.

Used questionnaires and studied why over what!

Back 108

Rules of Functionalism

Front 109

learning by doing interest in what was being learned

Back 109

Dewey

Front 110

Hormic psychology

Back 110

Purpose driven psychology

William McDougall

Front 111

Hedonistic Psychology

Back 111

Pleasure Driven

Freud

Front 112

Studied motivation and believed psychology should study purposive behavior that seeks goals for their own sake and not for the pleasure we receive from reaching them

Back 112

William McDougall

Front 113

Instincts motivate behavior. No learned behavior.

Back 113

William McDougall

Front 114

Not very good at establishing what it is.

Difficult to found something on the rejection of something else.

Can only be sure what it is not, not what psychology is.

Back 114

Problems with Functionalism

Front 115

study behavior and its relationship to the environment

Back 115

Lewin

Front 116

Invented eugenics while trying to study individual differences and inherited genius.

Back 116

Sir Francis Galton

Front 117

Believed in a physiological basis for all abilities.

Back 117

Sir Francis Galton

Front 118

selective breeding to improve the human race. Later popularized by Hitler.

Back 118

Eugenics-

Front 119

believed in one factor of intelligence

Back 119

Spearman

Front 120

16 factors of the personality

Back 120

Catell

Front 121

2 or 3 factors of personality

Back 121

Eysenck

Front 122

measured achievement motivation through projective tests

Back 122

McClelland

Front 123

I/O Psychology- how to distinguish good from bad employees and how to sell soap to women with emotional sympathy

Back 123

Walter Scott-

Front 124

Humans are not rational

Back 124

Walter Scott

Front 125

Argued against the validity of eye witness testimony on the witness stand

Back 125

Munsterberg

Front 126

I am

Back 126

Awesome

Front 127

Satre believed

Back 127

weact passively to avoid choices. Self-deception is not the work of theunconscious but is conscious

Welive inauthentically to avoid the displeasure and anxiety of reality

Front 128

Bad Faith is

Back 128

topretend you have no free will and no choices, only determinism

Front 129

Why do people use Bad Faith?

Back 129

Badfaith allows patients to deny own potential and perceive themselves asdefinite, already formed objects, which allows them to avoid facing nothingnessand mortality

Front 130

What did Satre believe about the concept of the Unconscious?

Back 130

weuse the unconscious to justify our actions as if it is not us who is living

Front 131

Existentialist view on free-will

Back 131

Existentialists believe we are not fixed,we have choices and create out own meaning out of nothingness. Don’t deceiveyourself into believing you are not free.

Front 132

Daeseinsanalysis essentially boils down to what?

Back 132

Weare in the here and now!

Maintainopenness and flexibility.

Youcan choose to react differently!Increaseawareness of the world.

Focuson the future and possibilities and not the past. Your potential

Front 133

True or False

Despitecriticisms of psychoanalysis, Freudian theory formed the foundation on which somany other theories are based

Back 133

True

Front 134

Daseinanalysis is a branch of which psychology?

Back 134

Existential

Front 135

What is Psychopathology rooted from in the perspective of Daseinsanalysis?

Back 135

A restriction of our potential to fulfill our possibilities

People have a restricted or closed view of the world

Front 136

True or False

Daseinsanalysis have a basis in determinism

Back 136

False

Daseinsanalysis believe patients can always have free choices

Front 137

What are some differences between Daseinanalyst and Psychoanalyst?

Back 137

Daseinanalyst are not interested in explaining why patients experience X

Daseinsanalysts do not analyze patients expereince in terms of intrapsychic parts (like the ego, id)

Do not analyze patient experience in terms of defense mechanisms

Daseinsanalyst reject notion of unconscious, believe patients just close certain aspects of their world consciously

Reject the notion of transference

Reject determinism

Do not search for hidden meanings in Dream Analysis

Front 138

Daseinsanalyst focus primarily on ______ and _____ in a patient's life

Back 138

openness and closeness

Front 139

According to _____ _____, because Freudian theories are unfalsifiable, they are not good theory.

Back 139

Karl Popper

Front 140

This individual believed patients in Psychoanalysis are essentially being persuaded by analyst, rather than cured, driven by suggestive power rather than Truth

Back 140

Adolf Grunbaum

Front 141

True or False

Grunbaum believed that because Psychoanalysts was tainted by suggestibility, it could never be studied empirically

Back 141

False,

Grunbraum did believe it was often tainted by suggestibility, but in a non-clinical setting it could be tested

Front 142

Believed Freud's attitude is "creative dogmatism"

Back 142

Wittgenstein

Front 143

Believed psychoanalysis can only work on the condition that patients acknowledge the psychoanalysts description as the correct expression of their own disturbed state

Back 143

Wittgenstein

Front 144

Wittgeinstein's breakdown of the psychoanalytic process

Back 144

Create myth that patients accept

Patients feel better after accepting such myth

Front 145

According to Wittgeinstein, the primary job of a psychoanalysis is _____?

Back 145

Find good stories to produce desired therapetuic effects on patients

Front 146

According to Wittgeinstein, evidence in psychoanalysis will always be a product of ______

Back 146

Persuasion

Front 147

Did not believe that dreams necessarily had hidden meanins or psychoanalyst had method of interpretation to analyze their meanings.

Believed dream analysis is an example of non-scientific activity of persuasion on patients

Back 147

Wittgeinstein

Front 148

How did Existential psychotherapy and psychoanalysis differ in cause of disturbances?

Back 148

Psychoanalyst believed disturbance are unacceptable drives, repressed and want to come out. Fix is to make these drives conscious.

Existential psychotherapist believe disturbance comes from unacceptable aspects of our existence which are out of our control. To fix, help patients respond or face up to these aspects of their existence

Front 149

How did existential psychologist and psychoanalyst differ on idea of interpretation?

Back 149

Both interpreted but psychoanalyst tried to find hidden "latent" meanings while existential tried to find meaning from the descriptive process that is understood in light of patient's current experience.

Front 150

Existential psychologist concept of transference

Back 150

Viewed in terms of perception to the world, a real event developed.

Therefore, transference relationships are real

Front 151

Resistance in the psychoanalyst belief

Back 151

When unconscious material begins to come to conscious, it creates anxiety, patients develop resistance to these materials.

mostly unconscious

Front 152

Existential psychologist perspective on resistance

Back 152

Serves to avoid self-awareness and responsibility

To maintain an inauthentic relation to their lives

Front 153

How do existential psychologist work on fixing resistance?

Back 153

Work together in order to unravel patient's patterns of inauthenticity.

Front 154

Repression in psychoanalyst terms

Back 154

A method of suppressing mental impulses and not allowing them into consciousness

Front 155

Existential psychotherapist view on repression

Back 155

Believed it should be viewed in our conscious rejection of our potential to engage in open, free relationship to someone or something.