Evolution Of Modern Science - Final Exam

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Blaise Pascal - 1642

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Built mechanical adding machine could add and subtract

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Leibniz - 1693

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improved mechanical calculators to multiply and divide

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Charles Babbage

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1821- designed difference engine to calculate polynomial functions
1834 - analytical engine, a mechanical computer

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Georg Canor - 1847

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set theory

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Claude Shannon

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electronic switching of circuits could perform logical operations

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Alan Turing

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1936 - defined machine capable of solving any math problem
founded artificial intelligence movement

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John von Neumann

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Founded Game Theory
storage area would contain instructions for calculation and data

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John Muir - 1892

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founded Sierra club
preservationist

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Theodore Roosevelt

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Wise-use

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Gifford Pinchot

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Conservation stands for development, first Chief of US Forest Service

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Rachel Carson

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attacked DDT usage

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Ptolemy

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Used eicycles to fit all motions of planets

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Anaximander

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believed earth surrounded by stars

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Aristarchus

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believed earth went around sun

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Aristotle

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First scientist

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Tycho Brahe

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Could not find stellar parallax, assumed Earth did not move

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Johanne Kepler

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Sun is center of solar system and controls planets

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Galileo Galilei

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used inclined planes to determine rate of falling objects
found milky way, planets, stars

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Annus Mirabilus

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discovered white light composed of colors of spectrum, applied law of gravity to moon, invented differential and integral calculus

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Marquis de Condorcet

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believed we are progressing to utopian state

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John Locke

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learn from experience through reason

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Denis Diderot and Jean D'Alembert

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encyclopedia

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Friedrich Kekule

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dreamed of chain carbons, ring structure

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Antoine Lavoisier

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Air is mixture of gases

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John Dalton

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atomic theory

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JJ Berzelius

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modern algebraic notation

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Friedrich Wohler

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Heated inorganic ammonium cyanate and made Urea

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Luigi Galvani

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animals generate electricity

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Michael Faraday

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first electric motor
electromagnetism

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James Clerk Maxwell

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electromagnetic theory

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Sadi Carnot

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Frictionless and infinitely slow for maximum efficiency steam engine

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Rudolf Clausius

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entropy

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Carolus Linnaeus

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developed modern classification system

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William Paley

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Watchmaker analogy

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Comte de Buffon

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extrapolated the age of earth

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Goerges Cuvier

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paleontology

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Louis Agassiz

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Harvard Professor of Geology and Zoology. Rejected evolution

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Asa Gray

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Pro-Darwin scientist, anti slavery

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Thomas Malthus

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concluded population will outrun food supply

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August Comte

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founder of sociology

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Sigmund Freud

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psychotherapy

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Francis Galton

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mathematics applied to human variations

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Herbert Spencer

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survival of the fittest

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Glenn Seaborg

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Bombarded U 238 w/ neutrons and made PU 239 -- more fissionable than U 235

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Matthias Schleiden

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Plant cell was key to understanding biology

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Rudolf Virchow

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formed modern cell theory

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Stanley Miller and Harold Urey

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Made amino acids w/ solution + electricity

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Maurice Wilkins

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determined DNA was folded in double helix

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Gilbert Newton Lewis

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conceived cubical atom

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Linus Carl Bonding

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repeated contributions to bonding