Evolution Of Modern Science Exam 4

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Jame Chadwick

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1932- discovered neutron and explained isotopes

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Fermi

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1934- In Italy, bombarded known elements w/ neutrons, producing 37 artificial radioactive isotopes
1938- received Nobel Prize and escape to America

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Hahn & Strassman

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1938- bombarded uranium achieving nuclear fission

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Einstein (1939)

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wrote to FDR that the Germans might develop a powerful bomb

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Glenn Seaborg

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Feb 1941- bombarded 238U w/ neutrons and made 239Pu which is more fissionable than 235U

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Gen. Leslie Grove

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Aug. 1942- Manhattan Project Created

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Enrico Fermi

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Dec. 2, 1942- Enrico Fermi at U Chicago bult first critical pile. Then large production reactors were built to prodice 239Pu from 238U

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Yuri Gagarin

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Apr. 12, 1961- flw on orbit around the earth in Vostok I

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Gherman Titov

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Aug. 1961, Russia- flew 17 orbits

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Eisenhower

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established the President's Science Advisory Committee

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Kennedy

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pledged that an American would land on the Moon before decade was out

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Neil Armstrong

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July 20, 1969- walked on moon

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Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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1632-1723
perfected microscope
studied crystals, minerals, plants, animals, water, saliva, seminal fluid, and gun powder

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Marcello Malpighi

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1628-1694
discovered capillaries

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Robert Hook

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1635-1702
especially noted for discovery of plant cells, especially in cork. Also in green plants

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Matthias Schleiden

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1804-1881
Professor of botany at Jena U resigned and wandered German countryside
Argued that only the chemistry and the physiology of plants were truly important
Decided plant cell was the key to understanding botany
-cell enjoyed an independent development
-cell served an integral function in plant

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Theodor Schwann

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1810-1882
Major contribution to cell theory came as a result of meeting w/ Schleiden
Published Microscopical Researches into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants (1839)

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Rudolf Virchow

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1821-1902
formulated modern cell theory and incorporated it into pathology
Concluded that in normal growth, cells propagate from the division of parent cells. Diseased cells grow or multiply from pre-existing cells
Argued there is no essential difference between normal and pathological states

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Gregor Mendel

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1822-1884
Austrian monk, performed extensive experiments on inheritance in pea plants testing seven pairs of characteristics for study
Observed characteristics were transmitted virtually entire. he called the characteristics dominant, and the latent characteristics recessive
Work was ignored for more than 30 years and rediscovered in 1900

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TH Morgan

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Critical of Mendel's ideas, but changed his mind after he studied the fruit fly, Drosophila. The first generation of flies all have red eyes, but in the second genderation white-eyed males occur in a ratio 1:3. His stidues led rather naturally to the development of population genetics

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Stanley Miller, Harold Urey

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1953- A U Chicago, mixed smiple inorganic compounds having methane, ammonia, hydrogen gas, water, and carbon monoxide, and applied electric arcs to the mixture to simulate lightning. After one week, they found that amino acids had been created in the solution

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Maurice Wilkins, Rosalind Franklin, Crick, and Watson

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Determined DNA was folded in a double helix

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Newton

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believed in an infinite universe with an infinite number of stars

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Galileo

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discovered the Milky way (about 100,000 light years across and containing about a billion stars

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William Herschel and Immanuel Kant

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correctly identified other milky patches seen by Galileo as galaxies

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Henrietta Leavitt

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1908-12, Harvard- determined a relationship between absolute intensity (brightness) and pulsation rate of Cepheid. Could be used to measure much greater distances than solar parallax

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Einstein

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1915- developed general relativity
1917- Einstein's general relativity said that space was finite, curved but finite. Einstein theorized that light could be affected by gravity. This was verified in the eclipse of 1919

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Karl Schwarzschild

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1916- using GR proposed that if a star had sufficient mass, it could collapse into a black hole

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Edwin Hubble

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1923- using the 100-inch Mt. Wilson telescope, resolved Andromeda into stars; finding cepheid, he measured a distance of 1 million light-years

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Silpher

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1914- reported that the spectra from galaxies was red-shifted

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Hubble (1929)

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Realized that if every galaxy was red-shifted, each was moving apart from every other. he propsed the expanding universe on this concept. If it is expanding, then it must have all been at the same point at the beginning. From this comes the "Big Bang" theory. Now we measrure the age of the universe at 13.7 billion years

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Jan Oort

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1932- Holland, calculated the mass required to make the universe eventually stop expanding and recollapse. He proposed that must be a great deal of dark matter

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Bell Labs

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1932- Set out to find why there was static in radio and found the sun was a source of static

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Grote Reber

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1937- built the first radio telescope in his back yard. (many invisible starts detected by radio waves

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George Gamow

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1948- suggested the initial explosion which is now called the Big Bang

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Alpher and Herman

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1948- proposed a model in whicih the universe would initially be concentrated on a single point. As universe expanded and cooled, paricles would come into existence, eventually atoms, and so forth. Model predicted there should be background radiation of the background temperature of the universe (5 Kelvin)

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Wilson and Penzias

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1964- Discovered the background radiation which can now be measured in all directions. 2.7 Kelvin

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CT Bolt

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1971- deteced a black hole in Cygnus X-1

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Steven Weinberg

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1933-
Modeled the Big Bang in his book, The First Three Minutes

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Henry Mosley

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1914- X-ray studies, accurately established the number of electrons (and atomic number) of each element

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Gilbert Newton Lewis

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1902- U CA conceived the cubical atom. Expressed the octet rule in which atoms with completed octets were stable. Proposed "covalent" bond where electrons were shared between atoms to give completed octets

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Linus Carl Pauling

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1901-1994
Made repeated contributions to bonding
1925- published paper that all crystals would have zero entropy at absolute zero. Third law of thermodynamics
Applied quantum mechanics to chemical bonding
1930's- published papers on theory of bond hybridization
1954- Won Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work in chemical bonding
Developed theory of bonding for metallic crystals which amounted to electrons spread over entire crystal.
Took unpopular stances against nuclear arms development
Contributed directly to structure of DNA