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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nuclear and Solar Energy
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o In use of Electricity, Science preceded technology but in use of Steam, Technology preceded science
o The Industrial Revolution required Energy and initially used the water wheel |
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Thomas Savery
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1698 - use steam pressure from an iron bioler to help pump water from mines. Raised water about 150 feet
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Thomas Newcomen
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1712 - Developed an improved steam pump that employed a piston
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James Watt
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1769 - increased efficience of the Newcomen engine threefold
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Steam Technology 1860
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steam engine for manufacturing, railroad and ships, brought about Industrial Revolution
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Steam Technology 1807
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Robert FUlton's steam boat cut time between NY and Albany to 32 hours
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Steam Technology 1840's
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coal had replaced wood as primary fuel
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Heat 1714
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Fahrenheit invented the mercury thermometer
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Heat 1742
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Swedish Ander Celsius developed Centigrade scale for temperature
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Heat Energy/Equivalency
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First suggested by Ct. Rumford after observing cannon barrels being bored
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Heat/Energy 1840's
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Joule established that mechanical work was converted into heat. 4.2 Joules equal 1 calorie
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First Law of Thermodyamics
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Change in E = H + W
Law of conservation of energy |
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Physician Julius Robery Mayer
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proposed all natural forces are equivalent and can be transformed from one to another providing the total energy remains constant
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"Thermo"
"Dynamics" |
heat, work
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Lord Kelvin
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1848 - discovered absolute zero by extrapolating volume versus temperautre of gas (about 273 degrees C)
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Kelvin 1863
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estimated sun could not be more than 100 million ears old
crisis for Uniformitarian geology and Darwinism |
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Second Law of thermodynamics
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we can't break even concerning energy
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Sadi Carnot
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1796-1832
figured out the theoretical maximum efficiency (all head converted to work) of a steam engine. It would have to be frictionless and move infinitely slow |
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Rudolf Clausius
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1822 - 1888
realized energy is convserved and while heat is converted to work, some heat passes to a lower state heat flows from hot to cold |
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Entropy
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associated with increase of disorder
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Maxwell
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provided mathematical expression of entropy and deveoped the kinetic theory of gases
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1862 - Kelvin
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rejected idea of universal heat death
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Three laws of thermodynamics
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Change of E = H + W
Change of S = fq/T Change of S = 0 for perfect crystal at absolute zero |
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Andreas Vesalius
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1514 - 1564
published De Humani Corporis Fabrica in 1543 - differences from Galen who was still dominating at the time |
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Fabricius at Padua
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discovered values in veins
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William Harvey
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observed beating of a dying heart, realized it was push rest not push pull as Galen claimed
Decided arteries carried blood out and it returned in veins |
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Marcello Malpighi
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1861 - found capillaries w/ microscope
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James Usher
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in 1650's calculated age of earth from Biblical chronology
Oct 23, 4004 BC |
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Carolus Linnaeus
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1707 - 1778
professor at Upsala, developed modern classification system of Phylum, Supphylum, class; order; family; genus; species believed natural wordld ordered and systematic |
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William Paley
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wrote Natural Theology (1802) "everythin was in its place and there was a place for everything"
gave watchmaker analogy natural law gives us ethics |
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Comte de Buffon
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1707 - 1788 keeper of King's Garden
wrote 36 volume Histoire Naturelle believed organism had a history his own Great Chain-slime to humanity heated iron balls and let them cool - extrapolated earth was at least 74,000 years old |
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Nicholas Streno
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noted fossilized shark teeth imbedded in strata
not all strata created at same time |
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Abraham Werner
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1749 - 1817
believed everything laid down in 5 great epochs followers called Npetunists |
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James Hutton
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1726 - 1797
believed igneous rocks came from volcanoes followers called volcanists published Theory of the Earth (1795) proposed uniformitarianism - slow processes that changes earth |
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William Smith
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1769 - 1830
determined some 19 strata from London to Wales to Scotland were teh same invented stratigraphy - made stratigraphc maps |
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Georges Cuvier
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1769 - 1832 learned to construct animal from few bones - paleontology
discovered certain fossils associated with specific strata notices some species ended abruptly |
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Charles Lyell
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1797 - 1875
Principles of Geology 1833 strata show geological history both sedimentation and volcanic activity important uniformitarianism is correct |
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Charles Darwin
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1809 - 1882 - song of physician and grandson of Erasmus Darwin, author of Zoonomia or laws of organic life (1794)
impressed with Paley's Natural Theology |
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Henslow
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recommended Darwin as companion to Capt. Fitz Roy for expedition on HMS Beagle
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Beagle
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sailed from 1831 to 1836 circumnavigating earth
married cousin Emma wedgwood 3 tears later |
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Darwin 1842
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wrote Structure and Disposition of Coral Reefs
established reputation |
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Darwin 1838
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read Malthus' Essay on Principle of Economics
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Alfred Wallace
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1823 - 1913
sent his own abstract which motivated Darwin |
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Wallace and Darwin
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presented papers at Linnaean Society in July 1858 and completed Origin of Species published November 1859
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Darwin Descent w/ modification 3 principles
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populations grow exponentially
variation must occur within species there must be a method for inhertiance |
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Darwin's mechanism
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natural selection
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biology 1856
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skeletons found in Neander valley; neanderthal
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biology 1868
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5 skeletons of cro-magnon found in cave in France
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Oxford 1860
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first public debate between Thomas H Huxley (Darwin) and Samuel Wilberforce (anti)
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Louis Agassiz
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1806 - 1873
Harvard Professor of Geology and Zoology rejected evolution proposed creations in 8 major zoological provinces |
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Asa Gray
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1810 - 1888
Harvard professor of botany was the princiople pro Darwin scientist in US anti-slavery believed in unity of human race |
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Thomas Malthus
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1766 - 1834
Malthus was an Englishman who studied mathematics at Cambridge concluded population will always outrun food supply |
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August Comte
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1798 - 1857
founder of sociology. positivism he claimed to discover the laws of human progress. history moves through: theological stage; metaphysical stage; positive stage where mathematical laws of material causes are discovered |
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Karl Marx
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1818-1883
father of dialectical materialism. Marx praised Darwin's theory as the "natural history foundation for out own viewpoint" |
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Sigmund Freud
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1856 - 1939
developed concept of unconcious mind and the use of the interpretation of dreams to understand better unconcscious Freud's theories depended heavily upon sex drive in human beings psychotherapy, mind can understand and heal itself |
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Francis Galton
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1822 - 1911
STudied math at Cambridge Galton realized that mathematics might be applied to human variations Galton developed idea of regression to the mean |
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Social Darwinism
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biologosts accepted evolution, religious debate centered on concept of design
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Herbert Spencer
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1820-1903
coined the term survival of the fittest. published social statics in 1851 envisioning human progress as a struggle for existence where the weak fail for the greater good |
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Andrew Carnegie
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Spencer's most prominent American disciple. "i remember light came as a in a flood and wall clear. not only had I got rid of theology and supernatural, i had found truth of evolution"
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Michelson and Morely
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1887 - built an interferometer and found the speed of light same in all directions
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William Crookes
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1879 - built an evacuated tube with elctrodes at each end to study electric discharges in gases. Cathode rays were produced that could be bent by a magnet
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Wilhelm Rontgen
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1896 - discovered uranium produced radiation
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JJ Thomson
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1897 - declrated cathode rays were negative pieces of atoms. elctron was first subatomic particle
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Maie and Pierre Curie
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seprated Polonium and Radium fromP Uranium ore. Radioactive ores could account for energy required for an older earth
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Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy
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determined there were Alpha rays (helium), beta rays (high energy), and Gamma rays (very high energy light)
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Albert Einstein five papers
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March - explained photoelectric effect
April - method for calculating number and size of molecules from motion in solution May - explanation for Brownian motion June - special theory of relativity Sept - 3 page paper derived e=mc2 proved atomicity, light behaves as particles, no absolute space and time, mass and energy interchangeable |
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Ernest Ruther ford 1907-1911
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found nucleus stattering alpha particles off gold foil
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JJ Thomson 1913
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discovered neon atoms had 2 different masses
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Aston 1919
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devleoped mass spectrometer
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Chadwick 1932
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found neutron
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E = mc2
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shows that heavy nuclei should fission and release energy and light nuclei should fusion and release energy
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nuclear fission
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can occur when a neutron is captured by a heavy nucleus
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nuclear fusion
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achieved by combining two H nuclei to form a He nucleus
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Neils Bohr 1912
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proposed an atomic model that would have angular momentum of the elctronic myr = nh/2pi
n = quantum integer |
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Louis de Broglie 1924
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Proposed momentum of a photon is h/wavelength.
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Erwin Schrodinger 1926
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published a general theory for propagation of matter waves in 3 dimensions. Solutions to wave equations for electronc produce exactly those quantum numbers postulated by Bohr
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PAM Dirac
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derived a relativistic quanum mechanics that predicted there could be positive electrons
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Werner Heisenberg 1927
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postulated uncertainty principle. Product of uncertainties in position X and momentum P of a particle must always be equal to or greater than h/2pi
ended idea of mechanical universe |
