Evolution Of Cooperation

Front 1

altruism

Back 1

behavior that reduces fitness of altruist but increases fitness of recipient

Front 2

kin selection

Back 2

altruism selected for if rb > c

Front 3

hamilton's rule

Back 3

rule predicting altruistic behavior among relatives

rb > c

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coefficient of relatedness (r)

Back 4

measure of degree of genetic closeness of individs (0-1)

Front 5

phenotypic matching

Back 5

mechanism for kin recognition

assess similarities btwn themselves and others

Front 6

alliance/coalition

Back 6

interaction in which 2+ animals jointly initiate aggression against/respond to aggression

Front 7

matrilineage

Back 7

individs related thru maternal line

Front 8

parent offspring conflict

Back 8

conflict that arises btwn parents and offspring- opposing genetic interests

Front 9

reciprocal altruism

Back 9

altruism can evolve if pairs of individuals take turns giving/receiving over course of many encounters

Front 10

levels of explanation of animal behavior

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1. proximate- CAUSATION
2. ontogenic- DEVELOPMENT
3. phylogenic- EVOLUTION
4. ultimate- FUNCTION

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proximate explanation

Back 11

causational- immediate stimuli, psychological state

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ontogenic explanation

Back 12

developmental- learning during life of individual

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phylogenic explanation

Back 13

evolutionary- trait evolved from more primitive trait

Front 14

ultimate explanation

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functional- in the past, trait served certain function (competition, attraction, etc.)

Front 15

free rider paradox

Back 15

those who don't help to produce public good still benefit from it

--> altruists will die out unless reciprocal altruism ONLY

Front 16

gene for altruism can be selected for if...

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bearers preferentially direct altruism toward kin or other altruists

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reciprocal altruism can develop if...

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-cost < benefit
-repeated interaction
-keep track of support given/received
-help only who's helped them

Front 18

parental investment

Back 18

any time, energy, risk, resource given by parent to offspring that reduces investment available for other offspring

*higher investing sex= limited resource

Front 19

what limits male repro success?

Back 19

access to females

Front 20

what limits female repro success?

Back 20

access to food, protection
biological limitations

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social interaction

Back 21

momentary

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social relationship

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enduring dyadic pattern

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social organization

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structure, entire group's social profile

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types of primate groupings (6)

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1. solitary
2. monogamous, territorial pair
3. 1 male, many females
4. 1 female, 2 males
5. mixed
6. communities

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solitary social groups

Back 25

still having differential relationships

loris
orangutan

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monogamous, territorial pairs

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male, female, dependent offspring, aggressively repel other fams

gibbons
titi monkeys

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one male, many females

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polygyny

mountain gorillas
black and white colobus

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one female, two males

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polyandry
-females suppress reproduction of subordinates

callitrichids (NW monkeys)- marmosets

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mixed- multi female, multi male groups

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ring tailed lemurs
savanna baboons

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communities

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fission-fusion organization- all members aren't usually together, smaller traveling parties

spider monkeys
chimps

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dispersal

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leaving natal group to breed

chimps- females
red howlers- both
savanna baboons- males

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dominance

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1 ind can consistently displace another from contested resource in 1 on 1 situations

(relative!)

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social inheritance

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baboons- daughters acquire mother's rank, sons don't

-maternal kin occupy adjacent ranks in dominance hierarchy

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grooming for support (reciprocal altruism)

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recent grooming make monkeys more attentive to requests for help

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dimorphism predicted by...

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levels of male male competition in social organization

monogamous- low dimorph
1 male, many females- very high dimorph
mixed- avg dimorph

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sperm competition

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many males mate with same female, selective pressure to produce more sperm (bigger testes)

Front 37

male infanticide

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1) linked to changes in male residence/status
2) kill unweaned infants
3) don't kill kin
4) killer males gain repro benefits

Front 38

counterstrategies to infanticide

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male-female friendships- males protect LIKELY OFFSPRING

mating with potentially killer males

Front 39

why is incest bad?

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everyone is heterozygous for some harmful recessive alleles

-probability that allele in kin is present in another kin is r

Front 40

inbreeding avoidance mechanisms

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-dispersal separates relatives

-alpha males sire most offspring, subordinates sire alpha's daughters'

Front 41

identifying kin

Back 41

close childhood companions

age proximity

phenotype matching

Front 42

mate choice in nonhuman primates?

Back 42

gene quality- ornaments

gene compatibility- MHC genes

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MHC genes

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multi gene family involved in immune function (body odor cues)

* more heterozygous= better, want to mate with inds that have diff MHC genes to maximize immunity