Evolution Final Exam

Front 1

What is evolution?

Back 1

-change that is heritable across generations

- it happens in populations not individually

Front 2

Dobzhansky:

Back 2

- Ukranian

- Biological species concept

Front 3

What is microevolution and on what level does it occur?

Back 3

- allele frequencies changing

- occurs on the population level

Front 4

What is macroevolution and on what level does it occur?

Back 4

- how species form

- occurs on the species level

Front 5

What do all evolving species have (3)?

Back 5

- populations

- variation

- hereditary similarity

Front 6

What are the four elements of evolution by Natural Selection?

Back 6

- competition

- variation

- heritability

- irrigation

Front 7

What does RNA splicing do?

Back 7

- creates multiple proteins from a single gene

Front 8

What are the 3 types of noncoding regions?

Back 8

- mobile genetic elements

- RNA genes

- Pseudogenes

Front 9

Georges Louis Buffon (2):

Back 9

- species arise as distinct entities

- diverse environments give rise to new varieties

Front 10

Georges Cuvier:

Back 10

- Extinction

Front 11

James Hutton:

Back 11

- The earth transformed gradually

Front 12

William Smith:

Back 12

- 1st geological map

Front 13

Jean Baptiste Lamark (3):

Back 13

- species evolve thru natural process

- species are constantly generated

- adaptation occurs thru inheritance of acquired characteristics

Front 14

Ways we know whales are mammals (5):

Back 14

- produce milk

- placental birth

- hair

- mammary glands

- 3 middle ear bones

Front 15

What are synapamorphies?

Back 15

- Similarities b/w mammals

Front 16

What can be viewed as a series of bifurcations in a phylogenetic tree?

Back 16

- Evolution

Front 17

Thomas Malthus (2):

Back 17

- essay on principle of populations 1798

- populations reproduce exponentially

Front 18

What did Thomas Malthus say about the rate of reproduction?

Back 18

- natural populations have a large capacity to reproduce and if left unchecked will reproduce at a rapid rate

Front 19

What is the fate of duplicate genes (3)?

Back 19

- retain original function and provide additional copy of locus

- accumulate point mutations and become functionless pseudogenes

- gain a new function thru mutation and selection

Front 20

Neofunctionalization:

Back 20

- gaining a new function thru mutation and selection

Front 21

What is a point mutation?

Back 21

- Base pair substitutions in DNA sequences

Front 22

What causes a point mutation?

Back 22

- chance errors during DNA synthesis or repair of damaged DNA

Front 23

What is the outcome of a point mutation?

Back 23

- creates new alleles

Front 24

What is a chromosome inversion?

Back 24

- flipping of chromosome segment, gene order altered on chromosome

Front 25

What causes a chromosome inversion?

Back 25

- breaks in DNA due to radiation

Front 26

What is the outcome of a chromosome inversion?

Back 26

- alleles on inversion side are "locked together" in a unit

Front 27

What is gene duplication?

Back 27

- duplication of a short stretch of DNA creating an additional copy of a gene

Front 28

What causes gene duplication?

Back 28

- unequal crossing over in meiosis

Front 29

What is the outcome of gene duplication?

Back 29

- extra gene is free to mutate and perhaps gain a new function

Front 30

What is polyploidity?

Back 30

- addition of a complete set of chromosomes

Front 31

What causes polyploidity?

Back 31

- errors in meiosis, (mitosis in plants)

Front 32

What is the outcome of polyploidity?

Back 32

- can create new species

Front 33

Are germline mutations heritable?

Back 33

YES!

Front 34

What is the mutation rate in human males compared to females?

Back 34

- on the order of 10x

Front 35

How many fertilized eggs are abnormal? How many spontaneously terminate?

Back 35

6% abnormal

5.5% terminate spontaneously

Front 36

Sir Ronald A Fischer (2):

Back 36

- father or modern synthesis

- spoke about mutational effects

Front 37

What is the fuel for evolution by Natural selection?

Back 37

- mutations of small effect

Front 38

What is the mutation rate subject to?

Back 38

- evolutionary modification

Front 39

What are the majority of mutations?

Back 39

- deleterious

Front 40

What 3 mechanisms generate variation?

Back 40

- recombination

- independent assortment

- meiosis

Front 41

Polymorphisms:

Back 41

- can produce differences in phenotype

Front 42

What are quantitative trains influenced by and what do they generate?

Back 42

- influenced by multiple genes

- generate a normal distribution

Front 43

What type of individual carries 2 alleles at every locus?

Back 43

- a diploid individual

Front 44

Population Genetics:

Back 44

- study of distribution of alleles in population

- causes allele frequency changes

Front 45

Mechanisms of evolution:

Back 45

- forces that change allele frequencies

Front 46

Where is sampling error highest?

Back 46

- small populations

Front 47

What does genetic drift reduce?

Back 47

- heterozygosity

Front 48

Monozygotic:

Back 48

- identical twins

Front 49

Dizygotic:

Back 49

- fraternal twins

Front 50

T.H. Morgan:

Back 50

- founder of drosophila genetics

Front 51

R. Goldschmidt:

Back 51

- theory of "hopeful monsters"

Front 52

Ne or Na (2):

Back 52

- effective population size

- total # of active breeding adults in a population

Front 53

Sewall Wright (2):

Back 53

- effective population size

- F statistics

Front 54

Is natural selection the same as evolution?

Back 54

NO!

Front 55

What is natural selection:

Back 55

- variation in average reproductive success among different phenotypes

Front 56

When can Natural Selection cause evolution?

Back 56

- When differences among phenotypes is partly genetic

Front 57

What is an example of heterozygote advantage?

Back 57

- sickle cell heterozygote has advantage in areas with maleria

Front 58

What is fitness?

Back 58

- reproductive success of an individual with a particular phenotype

Front 59

What are the 3 components of fitness?

Back 59

- fecundity

- mating success

- survival to reproductive age

Front 60

Relative fitness:

Back 60

- fitness of genotype compared to others

Front 61

Alleles that lower fitness have what type of selection?

Back 61

- negative selection

Front 62

Alleles that increase fitness have what type of selection?

Back 62

- positive selection

Front 63

When does selection occur?

Back 63

- When genotypes differ in fitness

Front 64

What does population size influence (2):

Back 64

- power of drift and selection

Front 65

What does balancing selection maintain?

Back 65

- multiple alleles in populations

Front 66

What is migration (gene flow):

Back 66

- movement of individuals or gametes among populations

Front 67

What is the result of migration (gene flow):

Back 67

- decreases variation between population

Front 68

What are direct measures to measure migration?

Back 68

- mark and recapture

Front 69

What are indirect measures to measure migration?

Back 69

- molecular market

Front 70

Continent Island Model (2):

Back 70

- 1 way movement from large continent to small island

- movement random among groups of small populations

Front 71

Stepping stone model:

Back 71

- each population receives migrants from neighboring populations

Front 72

What is the effect of alleles from an island on those of a continent?

Back 72

- negligable

Front 73

What is the affect of alleles from a continent to those of an island?

Back 73

- continent represents a large fraction of island alleles

Front 74

Hi:

Back 74

- heterozygosity of an individual

Front 75

Hs:

Back 75

- heterozygosity of a subpopulation

Front 76

Ht:

Back 76

- heterozygosity in a total population

Front 77

What is inbreeding depression?

Back 77

- As inbreeding coefficient (F) increases, fitness decreases

Front 78

Rare deleterious alleles are likely to combine...:

Back 78

- heterozygotes

Front 79

What does inbreeding decrease?

Back 79

- % of homozygous loci identical for descent

Front 80

What is our example of the extraterrestrial origin of life?

Back 80

- Panspermia

Front 81

Darwins idea of evolution required what?

Back 81

- an old earth

Front 82

Who disputed Darwins idea of an old earth?

Back 82

- Lord Kelvin

Front 83

What did Lord Kelvin propose?

Back 83

- earth is no more than 20 myo based on the temperature of rocks

- he was WRONG

Front 84

How old is the earth?

Back 84

- approx 4.6 BYO

Front 85

Charles Doolittle Walcott:

Back 85

- Burgess Shale 1090

Front 86

How old is the Burgess Shale:

Back 86

505 MYO

Front 87

Earliest signs of life (2):

Back 87

- dates to 3.7 BYA

- carbon turned into rocks

Front 88

What constitutes most of earths biodiversity?

Back 88

- microbes

Front 89

Origin of multicellularity (2):

Back 89

- evolved independently in different linneages

- extant organisms provide clues about the origin of multicellularity

Front 90

When do the earliest algae fossils date to?

Back 90

- 1.6 BYA

Front 91

Eukaryotic Multicellular life ( 2 algaes):

Back 91

Red Algae: 1.2 BYA

Green Algae: 750 MYA

Front 92

Protozoic Era (2):

Back 92

- 2.5 MYA -> 543 MYA

- prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae

Front 93

How old are the oldest fossils of multicellular animals?

Back 93

- 640 MYO

Front 94

Edicaran Fauna (3):

Back 94

- best known precambian animals

- soft boddied (no skeleton)

- crept/stood on sea floor

Front 95

Paleozoic Era:

Back 95

- Cambrian Period: 543-500 MYA

Front 96

What is the most amazing record of the cambrian period?

Back 96

Burgess Shale

Front 97

When did the cambrian explosion start?

Back 97

530 MYA

Front 98

How did the cambrian period end?

Back 98

Mass extinction

Front 99

During the cambrian period, what did diversification do?

Back 99

promoted increasing oxygen levels

Front 100

What does earliest animal life resemble?

Back 100

sponges

Front 101

Oldest terrestrial plant fossils:

Back 101

475 MYO - mosses

Front 102

When did fungi appear?

Back 102

400 MYA

Front 103

First terrestrial vertebrates?

Back 103

- tetrapods

- 370 MYA

Front 104

What did mammals evolve from?

Back 104

Synapsids

Front 105

When did mammals diversity?

Back 105

- after dinosaurs went extinct

- 65 MYA

Front 106

Phenetics:

Back 106

- method used to classify based on phenotype

- molecular and morphological

Front 107

What does homoplasy result from?

Back 107

- Convergent evolution

Front 108

What was tictaalic (2)?

Back 108

- transitional fossil b/w fish and tetrapods

- had wrists!!

Front 109

When did feathers evolve?

Back 109

- before flight

Front 110

The transition to unique human traits involved (3):

Back 110

- bipedality

- larger brain size

- canine teeth

Front 111

The transition to bipedality involved (3):

Back 111

- weight bearing stance

- position of the forearm magnum

- short, stiff toes

Front 112

What evolved first - bipedality or large brain?

Back 112

bipedality

Front 113

What was the mamalian inner ear made of?

Back 113

modified parts of the jaw

Front 114

What is exaptation?

Back 114

FEATHERS

Front 115

What is the primary function of mRNA?

Back 115

serve as primary transcripts during transcription

Front 116

What does tRNA do?

Back 116

transports amino acids and ribosomes

Front 117

Whos writing influenced Darwin and Wallace's theories of natural selection?

Back 117

Thomas Malthus

Front 118

Who were the 3 founders of the modern synthesis?

Back 118

- JBS Haldane

- Fischer

- Wright

Front 119

What does polyphenic mean?

Back 119

- single gene produces multiple phenotypes

Front 120

What methods are used to asses levels of genetic variation (3)?

Back 120

- alozyme electrophoresis

- RELP

- Microsattelite analysis

Front 121

Species:

Back 121

smallest monophyletic group of common ancestry

Front 122

Biological species concept:

Back 122

group of individual fully fertile individuals incapable of breeding with other groups

Front 123

Dobzansky and Mayr:

Back 123

Biological species concepts

Front 124

Evolutionary species concept:

Back 124

species is single linneage w/ its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate

Front 125

Wiley:

Back 125

Evolutionary species concept

Front 126

Phylogenetic species concept:

Back 126

cluser of organisms distinct from other such cluters and w/ a parental pattern of ancestry and descent

Front 127

Cracaft:

Back 127

Phylogenetic species concept

Front 128

De Quieroz and Donoghue:

Back 128

species

Front 129

Recognition species concept:

Back 129

most inclusive population of individual biparental organisms that share a common fertilization system

Front 130

Patterson:

Back 130

Recognition species concept

Front 131

Cohesion Species Concept:

Back 131

most inclusive population of individuals w/ potential for phenotypic cohesion thru intrinsic cohesion mechanisms

Front 132

Templeton:

Back 132

Cohesion Species Concept

Front 133

Ecological species concept:

Back 133

linneage that occupies an adaptive zone and evolves seperately from all other linneages

Front 134

Van Valen:

Back 134

Ecological species concept

Front 135

Angenesis (2):

Back 135

- microevolution

- evolutionary change w/ in linneages overtime

Front 136

Cladogenesis (2):

Back 136

- macroevolution

- splitting of linneages overtime

Front 137

2 ways to identify species:

Back 137

- Biological species concept

- Phylogenetic species concept

Front 138

What are the 2 types of isolating barriers?

Back 138

- geographic

- reproductive

Front 139

Geographic barriers (2):

Back 139

- extrinsic properties of landscape that prevent gene flow

- allopatry

Front 140

Reproductive barriers (2):

Back 140

- features of organisms that prevent interbreeding

- sympatry

Front 141

Allopatric speciation (2):

Back 141

- geographic isolation

- spatial restriction of gene flow

Front 142

Vicariance (2):

Back 142

- formerly widespread population becomes fragmented

- due to formation of mountains, rivers etc

Front 143

Speciation:

Back 143

- provides link b/w evolutionary change w/ in linneages and macroevolutionary patterns

Front 144

Prezygotic gene flow barriers (6 examples):

Back 144

- mates do not meet

- mates meet but don't mate

- temporal isolation

- habitat isolation

- copulation occurs but egg is not fertilized

- copulation occurs but gametes are not transferred

Front 145

Premating barriers:

Back 145

- timing of reproduction

ex - corals

Front 146

Allochronic Speciation:

Back 146

isolation due to life cycle timing differences

Front 147

Postmating Barriers:

Back 147

- genetic incompatibility

Front 148

Genetic incompatibility:

Back 148

sperm of one species fails to penetrate and fertilize egg of another species

Front 149

Conspecific:

Back 149

w/ in species

Front 150

Heterospecific:

Back 150

different species

Front 151

Chromosomal sterility example:

Back 151

horse and donkey produce sterile mule

Front 152

According to Haldane, where is hybrid sterility usually found?

Back 152

In the heterogametic sex

Front 153

Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities:

Back 153

Occur when genomes of 2 species are combined in hybrid offspring

Front 154

What provides an opportunity for allopatric speciation?

Back 154

islands

Front 155

What does colonization lead to?

Back 155

speciation

Front 156

Earnst Mayr (2):

Back 156

Peripatric speciation

Genetic Revolution

Front 157

Peripatric speciation (2):

Back 157

- due to rare dispersal or colonization events

- aka "founder effect" speciation

Front 158

What do drift and natural selection cause in small populations?

Back 158

- rapid divergence from parental population

Front 159

What are 2 forms of evidence of speciation?

Back 159

- dispersal

- colonization

Front 160

Genetic Revolution:

Back 160

small populations will undergo a loss of genetic diversity by drift and will have it instead by mutation

Front 161

Rassenkreis:

Back 161

ring species

Front 162

What happens in ring species?

Back 162

populations at ends of rings cannot interbreed

Front 163

What is an example of ring species?

Back 163

Ensatina Eschscholotzi

Front 164

What do changes in phylogeny lead to?

Back 164

Reproductive isolation

Front 165

Ecological speciation:

Back 165

evolution of reproductive barriers due to adaptation to divergent environments

Front 166

What 2 things happen when geographic barriers arise?

Back 166

populations become allopatric

new species can arise

Front 167

What does allopolyploidy lead to?

Back 167

rapid speciation

Front 168

What is the barcode of life?

Back 168

use of DNA sequences as Taxon barcodes

Front 169

Herbert Et al:

Back 169

proposed that mtDNA serves as "Barcode marker" for the animal kingdom

Front 170

Horizontal gene transfer (3):

Back 170

- makes classification difficult

- genomes become mixed together

- creates WEB LIKE strands

Front 171

Hybridization:

Back 171

crosses b/w geneticall differentiated forms

Front 172

Introgression:

Back 172

- movement of genes b/w species, mediated by backcrossing

Front 173

Bounded hybrid superiority model:

Back 173

- narrow hybrid zone in which hybrids are more fit than parents

Front 174

Corollary:

Back 174

hybrids are less fit in parental habitats

Front 175

Cruzan and Arnold:

Back 175

mosaic model

Front 176

Mosaic Model:

Back 176

hybrid zones are mosaics due to the adaptation of 2 parental species

Front 177

Tension Zones:

Back 177

Characterized by significant linkage disquilibria

Front 178

Adaptive Radation:

Back 178

evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity with rapidly multiplying linneage

Front 179

Dolph Schluter:

Back 179

Adaptive radiation

Front 180

What are adaptive radiations characterized by (3)?

Back 180

- ecological opportunity

- aquisition of novel adaptive traits

- parallel evolution

Front 181

Character displacement:

Back 181

members of one lineage constrain phenotypic evolution in members of other lineages

Front 182

Polygenic trait:

Back 182

influenced by many genetic loci

Front 183

Epistasis

Back 183

Interaction b/w alleles

Front 184

Phenotypic plasticity

Back 184

Gene interraction w/ envrionment

Front 185

Quantitative:

Back 185

means, variances, h2, VA

Front 186

Qualitative:

Back 186

p, q

Front 187

Discontinuous traits:

Back 187

traits w/ only a few phenotypes fall into discrete classes, phenotype controlled by one or few genes

Front 188

Intermediate Dominance:

Back 188

additive gene action

Front 189

phenotypic variances:

Back 189

total variance of population comes from genes and environment

Front 190

Genetic variance

Back 190

variance due to only genes

Front 191

Calculating total penotypic variances

Back 191

VP=VG+VE

Front 192

VP:

Back 192

total phenotypic variance in population

Front 193

VG:

Back 193

variance due to genetic differences

Front 194

VE:

Back 194

variance due to environmental differences

Front 195

Broad sense heritability:

Back 195

proportion of phenotypic viariance explained by genetic differences among individuals

Front 196

Narrow sense heritability: (2)

Back 196

- prop of phenotypic variance explained by additive genetic variation

- causes offspring to resemble parents

Front 197

VA:

Back 197

additive gene action

Front 198

VD:

Back 198

dominant gene action

Front 199

VI:

Back 199

epistatic gene action - 2 genes control a trait

Front 200

Broad sense equation:

Back 200

VP=VG+VE OR H^2 = VA/VP

Front 201

Narrow Sense equation:

Back 201

VG=VA+VD+VI OR H2=VA/VP

Front 202

VP:

Back 202

total phenotypic variance in population

Front 203

VG:

Back 203

Variance due to envrionmental differences

Front 204

What is the range of heritabilities:

Back 204

0-1

Front 205

How can H2 be measured?

Back 205

As the linnear relationship b/w parental and offspring traits

Front 206

Disruptive selection:

Back 206

turns into dual directional selection

Front 207

How much the population changes depends on: (2)

Back 207

- selection differential (s)

- heritability (H2)

Front 208

Strong selection:

Back 208

only the biggest individuals reproduce

Front 209

Weak selection:

Back 209

big and medium individuals reproduce

Front 210

to calculate evolutionary repsonse to selection use:

Back 210

breeders equation

Front 211

Breeders Equation:

Back 211

R=h2Xs

Front 212

In breeders equation:H2

Back 212

= heritability

Front 213

In breeders equation: S

Back 213

= selection differential

Front 214

In breeders Equation: R

Back 214

= response to selection

Front 215

Selection differential:

Back 215

difference b/w selected parents and population as a whole

Front 216

Response to selection:

Back 216

diff b/w selected offspring and unselected population

Front 217

Phenotypic Plasticity:

Back 217

single genotype produces diff. phenotypes depending on environment

Front 218

Richard Wolterec:

Back 218

reaction norm

Front 219

What can rapid change lead to?

Back 219

Mismatch b/w plastic traits and environment

Front 220

Quantitative trait locus:

Back 220

(QTL) - establishing linkage b/w traits and genes

Front 221

Directional selection:

Back 221

increases or decreases in the mean of the trait

Front 222

Stabilizing selection:

Back 222

favors average values of a trait

Front 223

Eda:

Back 223

involved in production of lateral plates in stickleback fish

Front 224

Low Eda Allele:

Back 224

favored in freshwater populations

Front 225

Promiscuous patterns:

Back 225

usually take on new functions after duplication

Front 226

Paralogs:

Back 226

homologous genes arise by duplication

Front 227

What is often the starting point for novel traits?

Back 227

Promiscuous proteins

Front 228

Antagonistic Pleitropy:

Back 228

# of cervical vertebrate

Front 229

How many cervical vertebrate do most mammals have?

Back 229

seven

Front 230

Convergent evolution:

Back 230

independent evolution of similar traits in different lineages

- result of similar selection pressures

Front 231

Parallelism:

Back 231

convergent evolution arises thru mutation of the same genes

Front 232

Deep homology:

Back 232

traits in diff lineages arise from same inherited regulatory networks

Front 233

Twofold cost of sex:

Back 233

asexual lineages can grow more rapidly than sexual lineages

Front 234

Search-cost:

Back 234

males and females must find each other - leads to risk of predation

Front 235

Reduced relatedness:

Back 235

sexual reproducing orgaisms pass only 1/2 alleles to offspring

Front 236

Red Queen Effect:

Back 236

makes sex beneficial

Front 237

Anisogamy:

Back 237

results in differential investment in reproduction

Front 238

What limits females in reproductive success?

Back 238

Fecundity

Front 239

What limits males in reproductive success?

Back 239

limited by # of mates they can obtain

Front 240

Operational sex ratio

Back 240

males:females capable of reproducing at a given time

Front 241

Ornaments:

Back 241

attractive traits that increase mating success

Front 242

Armaments:

Back 242

weaponry used to outcompete other individuals

Front 243

Monogamy

Back 243

1 male 1 female

Front 244

Polygany

Back 244

Male mates with numerous females

Front 245

Polyandry

Back 245

female mates with multiple males

Front 246

High phosphorous in food in case study:

Back 246

big daphnia

Front 247

Low phosphorous in food in case study:

Back 247

small daphnia

Front 248

What will retard growth of Daphnia?

Back 248

P limitation

Front 249

In daphnia, who is more likely to provide parental care?

Back 249

females

Front 250

RA Fischer:

Back 250

Frequency dependent selection

Front 251

Trivers-Willard hypothesis:

Back 251

daughters produced under poor conditions

sons produced under good contitions

Front 252

Senescence (2)

Back 252

- decline in surivival probability

- decline in age, specific reproductive rate

Front 253

Antagonistic Pleiotropy theory:

Back 253

sensecence occurs bc of pleiotropic effects of genes

Front 254

How can we postpone senesense?

Back 254

calorie restriction

Front 255

What do older females benefit from?

Back 255

Rearing children and grandchildren

Front 256

Standing diversity:

Back 256

# of species present in a certain area

Front 257

Turnover rate:

Back 257

extinction of some species and their replacement by others

Front 258

Alpha:

Back 258

origination rate

Front 259

Omega:

Back 259

extinction rate

Front 260

Gingerich:

Back 260

extinction rate often tracks origination rae

Front 261

What are the 2 causes of mass extinction?

Back 261

- drop in the origination rate, increase in the extinction rate

Front 262

Biogeography:

Back 262

study of geological patterns of diversity

Front 263

Alfred L Wegner:

Back 263

Continental drift theory

Front 264

How can clades become isolated?

Back 264

thru variance

Front 265

How did marsupials evolve?

Back 265

thru mix of vicariance and dispersal

Front 266

Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Elderedge:

Back 266

punctuated equilibrium

Front 267

Punctuated Equlibirum:

Back 267

All change directly associated w/ cladogenesis

Front 268

Gradual evolution:

Back 268

all character change is w/ in linneages

Front 269

Copes Rule:

Back 269

evolution tends towards size increase

Front 270

Background Extinction:

Back 270

normal rate of extinction

Front 271

Five Mass Extinctions:

Back 271

1) Ordovicarian

2) Devonian

3) Permian

4) Triassic

5) Cretaceous

Front 272

Chiculub Meteor:

Back 272

Struck earth at extinction event in cretaceous K/T period

Front 273

Holocene:

Back 273

present day period

Front 274

What does increasing CO2 lead to?

Back 274

warming temperatures

acidifying of the ocean

Front 275

Intimate partnerships:

Back 275

how species adapt to each other

Front 276

Coevolution:

Back 276

reciprocal evolutionary change b/w interacting species

Front 277

Positive neutral commensalism:

Back 277

one species benefits and the other is not effected

Front 278

Hotspots:

Back 278

selection is strong in both species

Front 279

Coldspots:

Back 279

no selection in one or borth species

Front 280

What facilitates learned avoidance?

Back 280

Mullerian Mimicry

Front 281

Antagonistic Interactions:

Back 281

involve frequency dependent selection that maintains genetic variation

Front 282

What are mutualisms vulnerable to?

Back 282

cheating

Front 283

Endosymbionts:

Back 283

mutualistic organisms that live w/in body of another organism

Front 284

What 2 things are derived from free-living bacteria?

Back 284

mitochondria and plant plastids

Front 285

What makes up approximately 8% of the human genome?

Back 285

endogenous retroviruses

Front 286

Retrovirus:

Back 286

RNA virus that uses reverse transcriptase to become part of its host's DNA

Front 287

What is an example of a retrovirus?

Back 287

HIV

Front 288

What do neurons control?

Back 288

behavior

Front 289

How do sponges build sensory cells

Back 289

by using proteins

Front 290

Proximate:

Back 290

how

Front 291

Ultimate:

Back 291

why

Front 292

2 types of selection:

Back 292

individual and group

Front 293

What type of selection is more powerful?

Back 293

individual

Front 294

Game theory:

Back 294

social conditions determine strategies

Front 295

ESS:

Back 295

evolutionary stable strategy

when adapted by a population of players it cannot be invaded by an alternative strategy

Front 296

Sociality:

Back 296

group living

Front 297

Dilution effect:

Back 297

safety in numbers - reduces risk of predation on any one individual

Front 298

Eusociality:

Back 298

species have complete division of labor

Front 299

Haplodiploidity:

Back 299

sex is determined by # of copies of each chromosome it receives

Front 300

Coefficient of relatedness:

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R

probability they share identical copies of a particular gene

Front 301

Altruism:

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inclusive fitness=direct fitness+ indirect fitness

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Kin selection

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indirect benefits of helping relatives

Front 303

W.D. Hamilton

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oxford proffesor

redefined fitness

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Hamilton's Rule:

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an altruistic allele increases in frequency when rB>C

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In hamiltons rule R=

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coefficient of relatedness b/w donor and recipient

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In hamiltions rule B=

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benefit to recipient from help

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In hamiltons rule C=

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Cost to donor for helping

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Richard Dawkins:

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Green Beard Effect

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Green Beard Effect (3):

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- recognisable phenotype

- ability to recognize phenotype

- preferential treatment to those w/ phenotype

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Kin Selection theory:

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will help relatives before non relatives

will help close relatives before distant ones

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Synaptic Plasticity:

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the neural mechanism of learning and memory

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Anthromorphism

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human motives or cultural characteristics ascribed to natural phenomena like animal behavior

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What can social living influence?

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Brain evolution

Front 314

In what 2 species has tool use evolved?

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Bird and mammals

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Coalescence:

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process by which the genealogy of any pair of homologous alleles merge in a common ancestor

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Maximum parsimony tree:

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simplest explantation

Front 317

Distance Matrix Tree:

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Clusters taxa based on genetic distances

Front 318

Maximum likelihood tree:

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Finds most likely tree given specific model of molecular evolution

Front 319

Bayesian Methods tree:

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looks at probability tree is correct given a specific model of molecular evolution

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Neighbor Joining:

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Minimizes total length of tree

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What is the point of experimental phylogenies?

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To validate methods

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David Hill and Colleagues:

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Used T7 Bacteriophage to study experimental phylogenetics

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Multiregional Model:

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old world hominins were single species connected by gene flow, multiregional differences were a result of adaptation

Front 324

Motoo Kumura:

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most evolution at molecular level is neutral b/c of genetic drift

Front 325

Synonymous Substitutions:

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do not change protein

Front 326

Nonsynonymous subsitutions (2):

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faster evolution indicates positive selection

slower evolution indicates purifying selection

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KS:

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# of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site

Front 328

KA:

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# of synonymous subsitutions per replacement site

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Under neutral evolution:

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KS=KA

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Under positive selection:

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Ks

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Under purifying selection

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Ks>KA

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Micene Apes:

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30 MYA

Gave rise to present day apes

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When do the oldest fossil primates date to?

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55 MYA

Front 334

Tarsiers (3):

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Carnivorous, nocturnal, from asia

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Hominoids (6):

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Brachiation, Erect, Flexible arms and shoulders, No tail, 5 molars

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Orangs:

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genus orango: fruit eaters, terrestrial

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"Old man of the woods"

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Orangs

Front 338

Gorilla (3):

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Small groups (10-20)

Polygyny

Males almost 2x the size of females

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Chimpanzee:

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Tool use

Puberty 8-10 years

Polygamous

Very social

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Bonobo:

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Not voilent

Females form hierarchy

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Earliest stone tools:

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Oldowan tools

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Turkana Boy:

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10-12 years old, 16 MYA, kenya

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Java Man:

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.75 MYA

H. Erectus

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Peking Man:

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China

.5 MYA

H. Erectus

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Homo Heidelbergensil

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Europe and Africa

700,000-200,000 years ago

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Neanderthals:

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Europe and Asia

300,000 years ago

bodies more stout and muscular than todays humans

Front 347

Where is artificial selection evident?

Back 347

in crop production

resulted in cob size increase in corn