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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe and identify examples of types of social interactions between organisms |
Cannibalism = selfish, Cooperation = communally breeding, Spiteful = Bacteria explode to poison surrounding bacteria, Altruism = Belding’s ground squirrel alarm calls (Most of these behaviors help relatives in some way) |
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Explain the concept of inclusive fitness & calculate it using Hamilton’s Rule |
Inclusive fitness = Direct fitness or # of offspring + Indirect fitness or # of offspring relative has. Hamilton’s rule: An allele for altruistic behavior will spread if r x B > C; r = ½ parents, ½ siblings, ¼ half siblings, and 1/8 cousins. C= cost and B is behavior: Altruism is more likely when: 1) Benefit to recipient is high 2) Cost is low 3) Participants are closely related |
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Illustrate how kin selection can favor helping behavior in different contexts |
Kin selection: Natural selection favors the spread of alleles that increase indirect fitness Black-tailed parry dog calls only when kin is nearby Cooperative breeding in some species Red squirrel mothers will adapt orphaned relative only when it increases their indirect fitness |
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Define eusociality & explain how both genetic and ecological factors could promote its evolution |
Eusociality: 1) Cooperative care of young 2) Overlapping generation 3) Reproductive division of labor This type of behavior was favored due to the low cost and high benefit Genetic Hypothesis: 1) Inbreeding (naked mole rats) 2) Asexual Reproduction (aphids) 3) Haplodiploidy in bees Because not all eusocial are highly related and not all haplodiploid Ecological Hypothesis: 1) Need long periods of parental care 2) High mortality rate when foraging 3) Have a fortress like structure to defend |
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Describe under what conditions reciprocity and parent-offspring conflict should occur. |
Reciprocity: Donor - + Recipient + (Vampire bats and rhesus monkey) 1) Cheaters must be punished 2) Cost is greater than or equal to benefit Most likely to evolve when: interact w/ each other, groups are stable, good memories, and need/ offer favors Parent-offspring Conflict: adaptive interest of parents and offspring can be different ( R= .5 for all offspring and R= 1 for themselves and for siblings R = .5) Ex.) Weaning conflict, Siblicide, loud nestlings, ect. |
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Describe why trade-offs occur between life history traits |
1) Energy and time are finite 2) Trade offs between reproduction and survival 3) Trade-offs between growth and reproduction |
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Explain and describe the evidence for 2 hypotheses about why senescence exists |
Senescence: decrease in fertility and survival as an organism ages. 1) Rate of living hypothesis: aging is caused by irreparable damage to cells. Not true. Flies can evolve longer lifespans and not very speices has the same energy/g/lifetime 2) Evolutionary hypothesis: Aging is due to a tradeoff between energy and survival |
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Describe the grandmother hypothesis for the evolution of human menopause |
Since a female's dependent offspring would die as soon as she did, he argued, older mothers should stop producing new babies and focus on the offspring they already had. In so doing, they would avoid the risk of dying during childbirth and thereby eliminate a potential threat to the continued survival of current offspring. In addition, postmenopausal women can contribute knowledge and skills to other group members to enhance group fitness.[15] If the other group member receiving investment were kin, then this would increase the fitness of a post-menopausal woman |
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Use the tradeoff between offspring number and survival to explain and apply Lack’s model of optimal offspring number |
Lacks model suggests that selection will favor clutch sizes that produces the most surviving offspring. Actual species have less than Lack’s model predicts ex) Great Tits. This is due to tradeoff between parental survival and offspring reproduction |
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Use the tradeoff between offspring size and number to explain and apply Smith and Fretwell’s model of optimal offspring size |
Smith and Fretwell suggest that tradeoff between size and #. Selection on parental fitness often favors smaller offspring than does selection on offspring fitness. |
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Explain how the three domains of life are related to each other |
Archaea more related to Eukaryotes than prokaryotes to Eukaryotes |
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Describe important events in the timeline of the evolution of the ancestors of humans |
- First definite animals: around 565 million years ago - Cambrian Explosion: around 520 million years ago huge increase in morphologically diverse animals. Increase in O2 - Tetrapods: appeared 360 million years ago. Climate warmed and increase in food on land (insects). - Mammals ( hair, milk, and middle ear separate from jawbone) appear: about 200 million years ago. |
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Describe the evolutionary relationship between humans, chimpanzees/bonobos, and gorillas. |
Humans are Apes along with chimps/bonobos and gorillas. Share about 96 to 94% of DNA. Phenotypic differences due to gene expression. |
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relationship between humans, chimpanzees/bonobos, and gorillas.and explain how scientists use molecular analyses to determine this |
Using molecular clock analyses humans and chimps diverged from gorillas ~6.4 million years ago. Humans diverged from chimps ~5.4 million years ago. |
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Explain what happened to our lineage after it diverged from the chimpanzee lineage |
Hominin: Species more closely relaed to humans than to chimps. Homo Sapiens: are the sole survivor of a diverse group of African Hominin species. For the last 4 million years multiple hominin species have coexisted in Africa |
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Differentiate between 3 hypotheses for the origin of Homo sapiens and describe the evidence for/against them |
- African Replacement: Evolved in Africa. Replaced local forms in Europe and Asia w/o hybridization - Hybridization: African replacement with hybridization - Multiregional Evolution: Evovle concurrently in Europe, Africa, Oceania, and Asia from local species. - Reality is inbetween the African replacement and hybridization. There is not enough molecular evident to support the multiregional hypothesis. Alleles from none African s are subsets of African allele. Molecular clock shows divergence was 200000 years ago from Africa. Multiregional 1 million, |
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Understand the 3 major species concepts & their strengths/weaknesses. |
1) Morphological Species: Different because they look different. Works with anything. Arbitrary 2) Phylogenetic: Monophyletic groups. Works for anything testable. Takes a long time. 3) Biological Species concept: A group of interbreeding reproductively isolated organisms. Good for animals but not plants asexual microbes or fossils. |
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Explain the 3 stages of speciation. |
Genetic isolation Genetic divergence Reproductive isolation |
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Explain the mechanisms of isolation. |
- Vicariance (from Latin vicarius, derived from vicis; change, alternation, stead) is a process by which the geographical range of an individual taxon, or a whole biota, is split into discontinuous parts by the formation of a physical or biotic barrier to gene flow or dispersal - Sympatric speciation is the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region. - Hybridization in plants |
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Explain consequences of secondary contact. |
Can reinforce the idea that a speices has become a species if they cannot produce offspring |
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Understand how & why antibiotic resistance arises. |
When the cost of being resistant out ways the cost of not being resistant |
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Compare/contrast traditional & Darwinian medicine’s views on symptoms. |
Child birth Proximate: Baby’s head is big, birth canal is small Why hasn’t evolution favored larger birth canals? It has, but hips re also needed for bipedalism |
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Describe how 3 types of DNA explain different aspects of human history. |
Mitochondrial: Maternal no recombination. Shows most variation is from Africa Y-Chromosome: Paternal, no recombination. Predicts geography Autosomes: Both parents, recombination |
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Explain selective forces behind skin color variation |
UVA is damaging at equator= dark skin UVB is low further away= light skin |
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Explain hypotheses on European color variation |
Sexual selection on hair and eyes, selection for pale skin vitamin D/ UVB, Assortive mating |
