Evolution Exam 4 Life On Earth

Front 1

Why do we accept that DNA gave rise to all lineages of life?

Back 1

All life forms except some viruses use DNA and all org use DNA and proteins in the same way

Front 2

What is regarded as the first cellular life form?

Back 2

Cenancestor

Front 3

Why is fossil records not use to know what the common ancestor of all living things?

Back 3

Fossil records that are past 2.5 billion years ago are too spotty to trace lines of evolutionary descent.

Front 4

The second form of creating a universal phylogeny was the use of nucleotides. What was the first method?

Back 4

Morphological

Front 5

When using nucleotides to create the universal phylogeny, what did the gene product have to be?

Back 5

It had to be essential and thus subject to strong stabilizing selection

Front 6

What was the gene of choice for Woese?

Back 6

A gene that encodes for the small subunit rRNA

Front 7

Why did Woese use a gene that encodes a small subunit rRNA?

Back 7

All organisms have ribosomes
Ribosomes in all organisms have a similar composition, including both rRNA and protein
All ribosomes have similar tertiary structure.
In all organism the function of ribsosomes is the same
Also translation is vital, and organisms are under such strong natural selection to maintain it

Front 8

Before Woese what were the five kingdoms used?

Back 8

Monera
Fungi
Protista
Animalia
Plantae

Front 9

Under Woese's rRNA phylogeny, prokaryotes occupy what?

Back 9

Bacteria and Archea

Front 10

In the rRNA phylogeny, Archea is closer to what than what?

Back 10

Eukarya is closer than bacteria

Front 11

If a trait is in three domains or occurs in any two but not the other, what can we infer?

Back 11

This trait must be present in the common ancestor

Front 12

Why did Woese use a gene that encodes a small subunit rRNA?

Back 12

All organisms have ribosomes
Ribosomes in all organisms have a similar composition, including both rRNA and protein
All ribosomes have similar tertiary structure.
In all organism the function of ribsosomes is the same
Also translation is vital, and organisms are under such strong natural selection to maintain it

Front 13

Before Woese what were the five kingdoms used?

Back 13

Monera
Fungi
Protista
Animalia
Plantae

Front 14

Under Woese's rRNA phylogeny, prokaryotes occupy what?

Back 14

Bacteria and Archea

Front 15

In the rRNA phylogeny, Archea is closer to what than what?

Back 15

Eukarya is closer than bacteria

Front 16

If a trait is in three domains or occurs in any two but not the other, what can we infer?

Back 16

This trait must be present in the common ancestor

Front 17

What type of tree comes as a result of genes that are are involved in storage and processing of genetic information?

Back 17

This gives a tree consistent with a small subunit rRNA tree; that shows Archaea and Eukarya

Front 18

When genes involved in metabolism are used, what kind of tree do you get?

Back 18

Trees in which bacteria and archea are the closest relatives

Front 19

What are the four ways for lateral gene transfer?

Back 19

Transduction
Conjugation
Transformation
Endosymbiosis

Front 20

Where does the most definitive info about branching times in the tree of life come from?

Back 20

Fossils; ones that can be identified as belonging to a particular group of organisms

Front 21

If we can place a fossil in one of the domains, then ?

Back 21

We know that the deepest branch point is older than the fossil

Front 22

The earliest possible date that branching in universal phylogeny took place is prob?

Back 22

4.4-4.7 BILLION YEARS AGO

Front 23

The oldest identifiable fossil is at least 2 billion years old.

Back 23

Just Know

Front 24

Eukaryotic genes involved in metabolic processes, such as as the synthesis of amino acids tend to be more similar to ?

Back 24

Bacterial genes

Front 25

Eukaryotic genes inovlved with storage and use of genetic info, (txn, translation) tend to be more similar to ?

Back 25

Archaean genes

Front 26

What can infer from the fact that a lot of the genes in all the domains are for aminoacyl-Trna and ribosomal proteins?

Back 26

We can infer that the last common ancestor had enzymes made of protein and well-elaborated capacity for manufacturing them.

Front 27

What is one clue that DNA was used in the common ancestor?

Back 27

DNA-DEPENDENT RNA Polymerases used in transcription show strong similarities across all three domains. Showing this DDRP was in the last common ancestor

Also DNA polymerases are found in all three domains

Front 28

Since DNA replication are so different in Bacteria versus Archaea and Eukarya, what can one infer?

Back 28

The common ancestor stored its genetic information in DNA, but copied it differently than modern organisms.

Front 29

The whole genome sequences gives researchers the opportunity for what?

Back 29

To estimate the universal phylogeny based on information from a great variety of different genes and on whole genomes themselves.

Front 30

What period rep the period of relatively rapid appearance of so many large, complex animals ranks as one of the great events in the history of life?

Back 30

Cambrian period

Front 31

What is the time interval between the start of the cambrian and the present?

Back 31

Phanerozoic eon

Front 32

What are four categories of fossils?

Back 32

Compression
Cat and Mold
Permineralized
Unaltered remains

Front 33

What are the three types of sambling bias in fossil records?

Back 33

Geographic-most fossils come from low land and marine

Taxonomic- Marine organsims dominate but only make up 10% of extant species

Temporal-Old rocks are less common than new rocks

Front 34

What three ears make up the Phanerozoic eon?

Back 34

Paleozoic (ancient life)
Mesozoic (middle life)
Cenozoic

Front 35

What era are the Ediacaran faunas from?

Back 35

The proterozoic and these fauna had bilateral symmetry and were small in size.

Front 36

What is the dramatic chance in Cambrian fauna?

Back 36

Increase in body size, origin of hard exoskeleton and compplex body parts like limbs, and a diversification in basic body shapes and organization.

Front 37

Do the fauna in the Ediacaran fauna have hard shells or any other hard parts?

Back 37

No

Front 38

Cnidaria and Ctenophora are diploblastic; they have two embryonic tissue types (ectoderm and endoderm). Ecto produces the adult _____ and ________ _________ and the endo produces the ___ and associated organs

Back 38

skin and nervous system
gut

Front 39

Triploblasts have a third embryonic tissue type, which is what and this tissue does what?

Back 39

Mesoderm
Develops gonads, heart, muscle, connective tissue and blood

Front 40

Which is usually radially symmetrical or asymmetrical triploblast or diploblast?

Back 40

Diploblast

Front 41

Why was mesoderms important?

Back 41

Because they made it possible for muscle-lined, fluid-filled cavities to evolve, allowing for skeletons to move.

Front 42

In protosomes ________ first while in deuterostomes ______ first

Back 42

Mouth
Anal

Front 43

Within the _______ protostomes and deuterostomes form distinct groups?

Back 43

Bilateria

Front 44

Protostomes consist of two major groups ____________ and ____________

Back 44

Ecdysozoa; molting animals
Lophotrochozoa; have a feeding structure called a lophophore

Front 45

What era is the cambrian period in ?

Back 45

Palezoic

Front 46

What was a way to resolve the discrepancy between fossil record and molecular clock, for bilatera dispute?

Back 46

It said the lineages leading to living bilateria diverged over a prolonged period in the Proterozoic but the vast majority of species existed as small, larva-like organisms that left no trace in the fossil record.

Front 47

What caused the Cambrian Explosion?

Back 47

The way in which fauna were to make their living; getting food.

Also the rising oxygen {} in seawater was rise in multicelluarity and large size

Also it was suggested that a mass extinciton event eliminated much of Ediacaran fauna at the end of the Proterzoic, creating an opportunity for the tiny proto and deutero present at time to evolve to changed conditions.

Front 48

What is an adaptive radiation?

Back 48

When a small group of ancestral species rapidly diversifies into a large number of desdendant species that occupy a wide variety of ecological niches

Front 49

What is the trigger for an adaptive radiation?

Back 49

Ecological opportunity

Front 50

What is an ecological opportunity?

Back 50

This is when a small number of species are presented with a wide and abundant array of resources to exploit

Front 51

A diversification of species is in response to a _________ _________ or ________ _______

Back 51

Morphological innovation
Ecological Opportunity

Front 52

Besides colonization events, what else can cause an Ecological Opportunty?

Back 52

Mass extinction which can lead to elimination of competitors

Front 53

What are some examples of morphological innovations?

Back 53

Jointed limbs
Terrestrial plants from aquatic ancestors

Front 54

What is stasis?

Back 54

This is the lack of appreciable morphological change or speciation over long times

Front 55

What is punctuated equilibrium?

Back 55

This is when morph variation occurs at the time of speciation event otherwise there is stasis.

Front 56

What is phyletic gradualism?

Back 56

This is when morphological change occurs gradually and is unrelated to speciation events

Front 57

What are the requirments for testing the pattern of stasis?

Back 57

The phylogeny of the clade is known
Ancestral species long enough to co occur with the new species in fossil record

Front 58

Gradualism predominates in micro and stasis predoms in _______

Back 58

Macro

Front 59

The foundation of evo-devo research states big morphology changes over time because?

Back 59

Mutation, selection and drift act on genes that control embryonic development

Front 60

Once a regulatory gene that directs development of a trait functions and a developmental pathway exists for a particular structure. When this undergoes elaboration and modification during evolution what is possible?

Back 60

A wide array of phenotypes

Front 61

What is it called when traits that serve one function are selected to serve an entirely new function?

Back 61

Re-purposing or co-opting

Front 62

Hox genes (3):

Back 62

Occur in groups

There is a order of 3'-5' that matches the anterior to posterior location of gene products in the embryo
-3, head, more
-5, butt, less

Each gene within the complex contains a 180bp sequence called the homeobox
-These bases code for a DNA binding segment in the proteins encoded by Hox genes

Front 63

What are the flies two hox genes?

Back 63

Bithorax and Antennapedia

Front 64

The closet living relative to arthropods are?

Back 64

Onychophorans

Front 65

Autopod are the
Zeugopod are the paired bones
Stylapod is closet to the body

Back 65

Digits

Front 66

What gave rise to the limbs?

Back 66

Phylogenetic and Morphological analyses support that the tetrapod limb is derived from the fins of predatory lope finned fish from the Devonian that had lungs and gills and lived in shallow water

Front 67

The carpel does what?

Back 67

Protects the egg-bearing ovules

Front 68

Ovules develop into seeds and carpels develop into ________

Back 68

Fruits