Evolution Exam 1

Front 1

kills pathogens without detectable resistance

Back 1

Teixobactin

Front 2

are designed to target specific virus sequences (DNA or RNA based)

Back 2

Vaccines

Front 3

is a key factor in the evolutionary process

Back 3

Variation

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Heritable mutations are relevant to mutations

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none

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is an ongoing stochastic process

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Evolution

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is evolution above the species level. Something we can observe in the natural world and is recorded in the fossil record. Pattern from a common ancestor

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Macroevolution

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is evolution within a species or population. Hard to recognize and study

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Microevolution

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How old is the earth

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4.5 billion years old

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The earliest life was in _____ enviornments

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anaerobic

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Evolution is a _____ ____ ____

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change over time

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tip of tree

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Tiptaxa

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Found in all lineages; Ancestor traits that are not useful

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Symplesiomorphy

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Shared or derived trait; Only type of trait useful for phylogenetic tree; Absence in earlier ancestor

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Synopomorphy

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specific to each tiptaxon but not present in earlier ancestors

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Automorphy

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KIT boundary

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Extinction of dinosaurs

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Bacterial populations can be killed with _____

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antibiotics

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Bacteria cannot "mutate" their genome to develop resistance

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Ebola spreads more slowly than other diseases(however it is more lethal)

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The earliest molecules on earth are most likely

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RNA

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IS the the universal genetic material

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DNA

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_________ and ________ are considered the sisters groups to the common ancestors of animals

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Choanoflagelletes and sponges

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Cambrian explosion happened around ___ mya

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600

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THE ____ ____ is an excellent site for fossils of the Cambrian explosion

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Burgess Shale

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Gene familes (ex. Hox) that are critical for body pattern formation also expanded during this time

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An important concept is homology (like characters)

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We are_____(4 limbs)

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tetrapods

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The defining trait of tetrapods is the presence of a hand and a foot(the autopod)

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None

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Upper Limb(____)

Lower Limb(____)

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stylopid

zeugopod

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Stylopod and zeugopod are homologous as hands as bat wings are homologous to our hands/feet

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none

Front 28

Fossil records tells us that the earliest tetrapods( have an ____)

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autopodium

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The fossil _____ is an important intermidiate fossil. It has a lobed-finned fin with wrist elemetns

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Tiktaalik

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Remember the earth is _____ and has been since origin

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Dynamic

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Around 90mya the earliest mammals first evolved

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Angiosperms(flowering plants) co-evolved along with the animals.

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_______ characters are similar to one another based upon shared ancestry

can be used to reconstruct phylogonies

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Homologous

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example of morphological traits

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hair color with many states (brown, blonde,straight,curly,fine)

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______ characters (ex. insect wings, bat wings) are similar to one another based on function or appearance, but they are not similar due to shared ancestry

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Analagous

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_______ characters have independently evolved two or more times. They are like characters but do NOT indicate shared ancestry

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Homoplastic

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are diagrams that depict relationships among and between different taxa

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Phylogenetic tree

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is the point where two branches separate from one another(represents the MRCA)

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A Node

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Branches on a phylogenetic tree represent a _____ which consist of extinct and living organisms

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lineage

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The tip or the leaves of the tree represent the living representation of a lineage (For example human is on the tip of the primate lineage)

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None

Front 40

The set of species derived from any one common ancestor is a ______ group or a ____

Members of a clade are united by _______

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monophyletic

Clade

Synapomorphies

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How phylogenies are constructed and evaluated

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Maximum Parsimony

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_____ literally means the fewest number of steps or the simplest solution ( most accepted way to reconstruct phylogenetic tree)

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Parsimony

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homoplastic characters evolve in a pattern consistent with _____ and _____ trends. Both trends result in a similar traits in two or more lineages that do not share a recent common ancestor

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parallel and convergent

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If the ancestor of each lineage is different from one another (like two fishes) this is called

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parallel evolution

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If the ancestor of each lineage is different from one another (ex plant and animals) this is called

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convergent evolution

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The three major clades are

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Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaroyta

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Accurate reconstruction of a phylogeny must utilize characters/traits that exhibit

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homology

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A Batwing is homologous to to the human hand

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None

Front 49

organisms diversify rapidly into new forms particularily wiith enviornmental changes (examples would be darwin finches)

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Adaptive radiation

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the ______ __ ______ of a genotype is the set of phenotypes that a single genotype is capable of expressing under different environmental conditions

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norm of reaction

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If the slopes of the norm of reaction are nonzero this indicates

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phenotypic plasticity

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if the genotype does much better in one enviornment and worse in the other, this genotype is considered to be a _____

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specialist

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The phenomenon called "____________" diversity seems to increase as we move towards the present

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The pull of the recent

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different radiosotopes decay at different rates termed

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half life

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The fossil record records changes over time within a species or lineage. This is called

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anagensis

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diversification of taxa associated with environmental variability

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adaptive radiation

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classical way in which evolution is described. gradual evolution that is often (but not always) associated with speciation

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phyletic gradualism

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patterns we observe in the fossil record argues that gaps are real (they depict evolution)

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Punctuated Gradualism

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posits that transitional fossils are exceedingly rare and if found, would need to be in a distinct locality from the ancestral species

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Punctuated Equilibrium

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is a transitional fossil in the origin of tetrapod limbs

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tiktaalik

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its common knowledge that modern birds evolved from ancestors in the _____ clade

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theropod

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feathers originated well before the origins of flight

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none

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only _____ feathers allow flight and these are associated with modern birds

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asymmetrical

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evolution of the cetaceans (whales and dolphins) from ancestors shared with land mammals is also fairly well understood via _______ fossils

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transitional

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process in which a trait held by a common ancestor evolves into different variations over time

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divergent evolution

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different species start with similar ancestral origins, then evolve similar traits over time

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Parallel evolution

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species that are not closely related to each other but independently evolve similar kind of traits

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convergent evolution

Front 68

serve as framework for understanding evolution process

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phylogenetic tree

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gradual and evolutionary change is rapid but specieation does not necessarily occur (rapid evolutionary changes)

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Punctuated gradualism

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evolutionary change is not gradual and not necessarily associated with speciation

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phyletic gradualism

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a daughter species diverges rapidly then continues without further change

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punctuated equilibria

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A cone represents adaptive radiation

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none

Front 73

is defined as a single genotype that may produce different phenotypes in different enviornments

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phenotypic plasticity

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is defined as a phenotype that is robust to change in the genotype and the environment

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canalization

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solidified magma; about 65% of the crust

(ex. granite lava flows, basalt)

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igneous

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hardened eroded material due to pressure or chemical means; about 8% of the crust (ex. limestone,sandstone,shale)

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Sedimentary

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any rock that have undergone further change due to pressure, heat and chemical reactions; about 27% of the crust (ex marble from limestone)

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Metamorphic

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measures the decay of certain radioactive elements in minerals that form in igneous rock

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radiometric dating

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About 250,000 fossil species have been described and represent an estimated 1% at the most of all species that have lived in the past

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none

Front 80

the two most primitive birds accepted by most scientist are _________ and _______

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archaeopteryx and confuciusornis

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________ has modern feather

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Archaeopteryx

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mamamalian characteristics evolved mostly during the ______ era

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Mesozoic

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Mesozoic era consist of the ______ ______ and _______

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jurassic, triassic and cretaceous

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The orgins of whales and dolphins

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Cetacea

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The closest living relatives among the mammals are ___________ this is based on molecular evidence

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hippopotamuses

Front 86

complex characters once lost, are not regained

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Dollo's Law

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These are reflected in the fossil record and represent changes over many generations this is

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macroevolution

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short periods of rapid change and macroevolutionary events during which new taxa arise (speciation) interrupt long periods of little change called ______

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Punctuated equilibrium

Stasis

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the fossils record shows that characters may evolve in between long-stable states in populations that do not undergo speciation

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Punctuated gradualism