Evolution Chapter 2

Front 1

Before the establishment of the theory of evolution by charles darwin; what was the leading explanation in europe for the origin of species?

Back 1

theory of special creation

Front 2

state the theory of special creation

Back 2

this theory held that all organisms were created by God during the six day of creation as described in the Bible's book of Genesis

Front 3

what did the theory of special creation state about variation within each species

Back 3

the theory stated that species are unchanged since their creation, or immutable, and that variation within each species is strictly limited

Front 4

then theory of special creation stated that creation of all the organisms was recent approx _____ years ago

Back 4

6,000

Front 5

what are the two components of scientific theories?

Back 5

1) a statement of a fact: a claim about a pattern that exists in the natural world

2) which process is responsible for this pattern

Front 6

what are the three main statements of facts made by the theory of special creation?

Back 6

1. species are created independently of one another

2. species do not change through time

3. species were created recently

Front 7

according to the theory of special creation; what was the process responsible for this pattern

Back 7

the creation of God

Front 8

in this chapter we review evidence that supports an alternative statement (to the theory of special creation)..what is the statement

Back 8

"species have changed through time and are related by decent from a common ancestor"

*this statement is the backbone of the theory of evolution as exposed by charles darwin

Front 9

theory of special creation indicated that species are ___ ___ &___

Back 9

independent, immutable, & recent

Front 10

the theory of special creation contends that each species was create ______. in contrast the theory of evolution contends that organisms are ______.

Back 10

independently

related by common ancestry

Front 11

results from the fields of comparative anatomy and embryology demonstrate that fundamental similarities underlie the obvious physical differences among species. what did early researchers call this phenomenon?

what are two examples ?

Back 11

homology

vertebrate skeletons and flower organs

Front 12

vertebrate forelimbs are used for different functions but they all have the same ______

Back 12

sequence and arrangement of bones

Front 13

orchid flowers are diverse in ___ and ___ but are comprised of elements that are similar in ____ &___

Back 13

size and shape

structure and orientation

Front 14

homologies can also be found at developmental, structural and embryonic levels. For instance the amino acid sequences encoded by a gene involved in the development of the eye exhibits _____ similarities among vertebrate and invertebrate organisms

Back 14

90%

Front 15

advances in molecular genetics have revealed other fundamental similarities among organisms. One of the most spectacular is the genetic code.

with a few minor exceptions, all organisms studied to date used the same nucleotide triplets, or codons, to specify the same ________.

Back 15

amino acid bearing RNAs

Front 16

the concept of homology is the guiding principle behind what kind of research?

Back 16

biomedical

*homology is the reason medical researchers can obtain valid results when testing the safety of new drugs in rats. results of these tests can be extrapolated to humans if the molecular or cellular basis of the phenomenon being studied is homologous

Front 17

biomedical researchers choose a study organism also called a "__" organism, based of the ______ required to study a particular process or disease

Back 17

model

degree of homology

Front 18

in psychistry and behavioral sciences, monkeys and apes are often the preferred experimental subject because aspects of their ____ & ____are homologous with those of humans

Back 18

behavior and brain structures

Front 19

because some of the genes involved in more basic processes, like the cell cycle, are homologous between even distant relatives, researchers can use _______ to study why certain malfunctioning genes cause cancer in humans.

Back 19

bakers yeast (saccaromyces cerevisiae)

Front 20

genes involved in DNA repair are homologous between humans and ______

Back 20

bacterium escherichia coli

Front 21

primates yeast and bacteria share characteristics with humans because they >>>

Back 21

inherited them from a common ancestor

Front 22

genes involved in DNA repair are homologous between humans and ______

Back 22

bacterium escherichia coli

Front 23

primates yeast and bacteria share characteristics with humans because they >>>

Back 23

inherited them from a common ancestor

Front 24

what kind of evidence refutes the second major statement of theory of special creation (that species do not change through time)

Back 24

evidence from living species and the fossil record challenge this view

Front 25

The existence of ___ ___ and direct observation of living species support the hypothesis tha species change through time.

Back 25

vestigial structures

Front 26

what is vestigial structure?

Back 26

a functionless rudimentary homologue of a body part that has a function in closely related species.

Front 27

Give two example of vestigial structures

Back 27

-some blind cave dwelling creatures have eye sockets but no eyes

-humans have a reduced tailbone, called the coccyx at the base of their vertebral column

Front 28

an example of a vestigial structure can be found during the development of the "hands" and feet of ____

Back 28

birds

*most living and fossil tetrapods have five digits in their forelimbs and hind limbs. It is logical, to argue that the ancestors of birds also had five digits in each limb

Front 29

adult chicken have three digits in their wings and four in their feet. but in development ....

Back 29

an extra digit appears for a short time in the hands and feet

Front 30

can change though time be observe directly?

Back 30

yes

* over the pass 60 years biologists have documented change in hundreds of different species

Front 31

what is an example of directly observed change through time

Back 31

soapberry bug in florida

Front 32

in the first part of the 20th century the soapberry bug jadera haematoloma hemiptera tended to have long beaks . these insects feed on seeds that are located within the fruits at varying distance from the fruit perimeter

at the time the most important host plant for the bugs was the florida native _______

in the mid 20th century however most populations of soapberry bugs began feeding on the small fruits of a plant that had just been imported from asia as an ornamental species called the _______

soapberry bugs collected after the host plant switch tend to have much smaller beaks that older populations

Back 32

large-fruited balloon vine

flat potted golden rain tree

Front 33

what is a fossil

Back 33

a trace of any organism that lived in the past.

*the total worldwide collections of fossils scattered among thousands of different institutions and individuals is called the FOSSIL RECORD

Front 34

what does the simple fact that fossils exist and that the vast majority of fossils forms are unlike species that are living today argue ?

Back 34

that life has changed through time

Front 35

the law of succession. there is a general correspondence between ___ & ____

Back 35

fossils and living forms

Front 36

The law of succession maintains that the fossil species in a given area are usually succeeded by>>>

Back 36

similar living species of this area

Front 37

what is an example of the law of succession

Back 37

extinct marsupial fauna of Australia has a close relationship to marsupials alive today in this region.

Front 38

what is an example of law of succession analyzed by darwin

Back 38

the armadillos of argentina and their close glyptodons he excavated there

*glyptodons went extinct around 10,000 years ago during the last ice age, after having lived in both north and south america

Front 39

Darwin maintained that species have changed through time, and that fossils represent populations that are ancestral to species alive today.

if this is true, then the fossil record should contain forms that are ______between major groups of organisms.

Back 39

transitional

Front 40

what should transitional species have ? (two things)

Back 40

characteristics from the ancestral population as well as novel traits in descendant species

Front 41

what is one of the best know examples of transitional species ?

Back 41

ancient bird in the fossil record
archaeopteryx

Front 42

the presence of feathers of the archaeopteryx identifies this species as a bird, but the skeleton is dinosaur like.

archaeopteryx represents a transition between ______& ______

Back 42

ancestral dinosaurs
and
their descendant, the birds

Front 43

the oldest fossil of archaeopteryx is estimated to be ...

Back 43

150 million years old

Front 44

because few transitional forms have been discovered in his lifetime, darwin took pains to explain that they should be rare in the fossil record in the section of his book tittle " _____"

Back 44

"Difficulties on Theory"

* in the intervening years, a large number of transitional forms have been found

Front 45

fossils of marine organisms have been discovered in the andes in south america, the Alps of europe , and the grand canyon of americas arid southwest.

what do these observations suggest?

Back 45

that the earth itself has changed over time

*habitats have changed in location and character throughout the course of history

Front 46

using the technique of relative dating geologists have established the chronology of relative dates know as the ________.

Back 46

geologic time scale

Front 47

what is the geological column ?

Back 47

concept created by geologist which states that the geologic history of the earth based on a composite, older to younger sequence of rock strata

*geologists began working in time scales of millions of years, instead of a few thousand years

Front 48

the geological time scale shown in fig 2.11 is the sequence of eons, eras, periods, and epochs shown on the left part of this diagram was established through the techniques of _____

Back 48

relative dating

Front 49

using a technique called _______physicists and geologists began to assign absolute dates to the relative dates established by the geologic time scale.

Back 49

radiometric dating

Front 50

what does the technique for radiometric dating utilize?

Back 50

unstable isotopes or naturally occurring elements

Front 51

radioactive isotopes decay meaning that >>>>

Back 51

parent isotope change into either different elements or different isotopes of the same element (daughter isotope)

Front 52

each isotope decays at a particular and _______ rate

Back 52

constant rate

Front 53

the rate of isotope decay is affected by temperature moisture and environmental factors

true or false

Back 53

false rates are not affected by these factors

Front 54

researchers measure the ratio of parent isotope to daughter isotope in a rock sample. as a result, radioactive isotopes function as _____. because of their slow decay _______&______systems are the isotopes of choice for determining the age of the earth

Back 54

natural clocks

potassium argon and uranium lead systems

Front 55

what is the oldest fossil organism discovered to date?

how old are they ?

where were they found?

Back 55

impressions of bacterial cells found in 3.5 billion year old rocks from western australia

Front 56

the oldest chemical evidence ______of life is in rocks from _____dating more than ____billion years old

Back 56

carbon granules

Greenland

3.7 billion years old

Front 57

how old is the planet estimated to be?

Back 57

4.6 billion years old

Front 58

data suggest that the earth was lifeless for about ___ years, and that evolution have been occurring for about ______years.

Back 58

900 million years

3.7 billion years

Front 59

there is another type of data that also supports the theory of evolution. this is a correspondence among independent sources of data on earth history and the history of life.

Geologist interpret earth history through which theory ?

Back 59

theory of plate tectonics

*this theory contends that earth's crust is broken into plates and that the positions of these plates have changed through time

Front 60

when the geological data are combined with
radiometric dates and
data from the fossil record,
what is the coherent picture that emerges ?

Back 60

CHANGE THROUGH TIME!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!