Evolution And Society

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structural proteins

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protein that supports (collagen)

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storage proteins

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protein that stores amino acids

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transport proteins

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protein that transports other substances, like hemoglobin

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hormonal proteins

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protein that coordinates of an organism's activities (insulin)

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receptor proteins

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protein that responds to chemical stimuli

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contractile proteins

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protein that is responsible for movement

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defensive proteins

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protein that protects against disease

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enzymatic proteins

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protein that is involved in every chemical reaction; lowers activation energy of a reaction and speeds up/slows down reactions; proofreads DNA replication

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chromosomes

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long chains that connect bases

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diploid

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having two sets of chromosomes

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haploid

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having one set of chromosomes

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gametes

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a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms

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gene

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any part of the DNA that is transcribed

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Genome

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the total of an organism's genes

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Human Genome

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humans have 25,000 genes per cell; before the human genome project the number was 3-4x this number

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Genome Size

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genome size does NOT equal complexity of the organism; the genome of an onion has 3x the bases as a human (eukaryotes have more genes)

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Junk DNA

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makes up 95%; may be made into RNA molecules which help turn on and off other genes in the DNA

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Loci

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genes can be tied to specific places on chromosomes

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Allele

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different forms of the same gene (brown eye has the same physical location but different info)

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Problem with DNA Replication

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every time the cell divides, it has massive amounts to copy; big difference in size of chromosomes, smallest is Y

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mutation rate in humans

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1/1,000,000

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mutation

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the ultimate source of new traits (variation) for species

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redundance

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series of 3 codons which results in neutrality

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sickled red blood cells

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a result of a mutation in the globin gene

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homozygous sickle cell

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2 copies of mutated forms means a change in the "globin" gene, which is caused by one base pair

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hemoglobin protein

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4 of 146 strands of amino acids

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effects of a sickle cell

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o Instead of flattened cells going through capillaries, sickled cells create blockage --> can’t exchange gas --> tissue death affects neural regions, organs, brain, and liver

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why mutations that cause harmful effects stay around in mutations

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-new mutations occur every generation so they keep reoccuring
-mutations different to get rid of because rare and recessive; heterozygous, so mutations don't show
-some beneficial

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the vector of malaria

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anopheles gambiae

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malaria parasite

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plasmodium falciparum

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genetic variation

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helps population respond to changing environments; helps fight disease and changing conditions

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population bottle-neck

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decreasing the population size

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inbreeding

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breeding with a similar class (form of population decrease to lose variation)

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founder effects

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to found a new population from a large cell

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California Condor

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species captured (26) in the experiment that involves habit fragmentation

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directional natural selection

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favors one extreme of the spectrum (brassica olercea and soapberry bug)

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stabilizing natural selection

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favors medium of the system (child birth)

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disruptive natural selection

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opposite of stabilizing, good to be both/either extreme, but not medium (potentially a way a new species could occur, black-bellied seedcracker)

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frequency dependent selection

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animal adapts to whatever frequency is lower - one type is only better in reflection to another (scale-eating fish - perissodas)

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P. & R. Grant

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evolutionists who did an experiment with birds on Galapagos Islands

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black-bellied seekcracker

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pyrenestes ostrinus

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soapberry bug

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jadera haematoloma, or the phytophagous insects that demonstrate directional selection

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E. Coli

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common gut bacteria that is used in Richard Lenski's experiment

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Richard Lenski

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Notre Dame scientist who did an experiment with E. Coli cultures to demonstrate evolution in real time

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G.C. Williams (Charles Darwin)

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argued for individual selection

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V.C. Wayne Edwards

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argued for group selection

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honeybee

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apis mollifera

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Harold Esh

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person who did research on understanding and learning the waggle dance of honeybees

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role of female honeybees

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build hive, forage for fod, defend nest, rear the young

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Belding's Ground Squirrel

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spermophilus beldingi

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Sherman

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scientist who marked and studied 1900+ individuals of ground squirrels

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vampire bats

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desmodus rotunus

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vampire bats

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sanguivores
sang = blood, vore = eat

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features common to life

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1) reproduction
2) energy
3) information content
4) physical barrier

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heterotrophic

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energy comes from living sources (primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers)

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autotrophic

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energy comes from a nonliving source (primary producers)

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rule of tenths

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every step you take (primary --> secondary), you lose 1/10th of the energy

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cell membrane

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largest structure; dynamic and complex structure; doesn’t totally seal cell from outside world; cell communication very important (if communication fails, cell will continually divide itself)

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nucleus

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holds DNA

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mitochondria

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energy-producing, has its own DNA

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microtubules/microfilaments

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all throughout cell; cytoskeleton – gives 3D structure; cytoskeleton is constantly growing and changing, small particles ride on it for transportation

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DNA

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directs the production of proteins; DNA Frame (backbone) = sugar + phosphate; inside: nucleotides (nitrogenous bases); bonded by 2 (A-T) or 3 (C-G) chemical bonds

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protein synthesis

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DNA unwound, cell makes copy of DNA, transcription-->ribosome, mRNA-->tRNA, each 3 part codon codes for an amino acid, polypeptides link together

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protein

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string of 20 amino acids, most complex molecule in the universe

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essential amino acids

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proteins your body needs but can't produce

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polypeptide chain

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proteins made from multiple polypeptides

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collagen

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most common protein in animals; carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

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asphyxiate

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carbon monoxide poisoning - CO bonds more strongly than oxygen

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hemoglobin

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globin means the protein protein that holds heme which iron; small

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point mutation

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mutation causes a change in just 1 base pair, which results in the change in 1 amino acid in the protein

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Smith

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scientist who banded and followed the fate of 200 black-bellied seedcrackers

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drosophila

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scientist noticed female behavior/physiology were affected after mating