Evolution And Genetics Final

Front 1

hypothesis

Back 1

suggested explanation, open to falsification, testable-scientific method

Front 2

negative controls

Back 2

expect to fail. controls for false positives

Front 3

positive controls

Back 3

expect to succeed controsl for false negativest

Front 4

transcription

Back 4

RNA to protien
1. dna unwinds
2. RNA polymerase binds to promotor
3. RNA polymerase "reads" base and inserts nucleotides
4. RNA polymerase "slides down" the DNA chain
5. repeat 3-4 until it hits end and falls off.

Front 5

translation

Back 5

DNA to RNA
1. ribosomes binds to RNA start codon
2. ribosomes reads one codon triplet
3. one amino acid is added to teh amino acid in the chian
4. ribosome "slides down" the chain
5. repeat 2-4 until the stop codon

Front 6

DNA

Back 6

deoxyribonucleic acid-base, sugar(deoxyribose), phosphate group. stores information becuase: -stable, its able to store infomration, compact, editable, able to dupicat, regulation mechanisms
chain of nucleotides; g, c, a, t

Front 7

RNA

Back 7

AUCG evolved from early life, more control, RNA does a lot of things too

Front 8

gene

Back 8

basic physical and functional unit of heredity, instructions to make protiens, made of DNA, inherited

Front 9

promoter

Back 9

recognized by RNA polymerae, serves several functions: where to start, when to make it, how much/ how fast to make, under what conditions to make it

Front 10

genome

Back 10

total set of genes carried by a cell/ individual

Front 11

chromosome

Back 11

self replication genetic structures which contain cellular DNA

Front 12

euchromatin

Back 12

lightly packed

Front 13

heterochromatin

Back 13

tightly packed

Front 14

operons

Back 14

certain sugars bind to inhibitor and pulls off inhibitor allowign the bactieria to make enzymes allowing the body t metabolize allowing the sugars

Front 15

negative feedback

Back 15

blocks the process of trasncription or translation so it cant finisha nd create a cell

Front 16

mutation

Back 16

changes in base pair sequence
-germline- happens early on
-somatic-damaged DNA eg. sunburn

Front 17

sexual reproduction

Back 17

meiosis: forms gametes
fertilization: form zygote

Front 18

homologus pairs

Back 18

not identical

Front 19

sister chromatid

Back 19

are identical

Front 20

non-sister chromotids

Back 20

not identical

Front 21

bacterial conjugation

Back 21

not really sexual reproduction, dna shared through pilus, can result in tranfser of antibiotic resistance virulence

Front 22

translocation

Back 22

pieces of chromosome switch

Front 23

inversion

Back 23

chromosome piece breaks and flips

Front 24

aneuploidy

Back 24

makes mroe chromosome than necessary

Front 25

polygenic disorders

Back 25

multiple genes, environmental factors, heart disease, high blood presure, alzheimers disease, arthritis, diabetes, cancer, and obesity

Front 26

mitochondrial disorders

Back 26

caused by mutation in mitochondrial DNA

Front 27

blending model

Back 27

offspring are a blend of the parents, the blend of characterisitcs is passed on to the next geneartion, variation is washed out over time.

Front 28

principles of inheritance (mendel)

Back 28

1segregation, pairs of alleles segregate into seperate gametes, each gametes contributes 1 alleles, phenotype is dominate trait
2independent assortment, alleles contribute 1 trait, all alleles are independent

Front 29

incomplete dominance

Back 29

intermediate phenotype

Front 30

codominance

Back 30

blood type, A, B, I bother alleles are expressed at on etime

Front 31

multiple alleles

Back 31

alleles with multiple on one chromosome both expressed

Front 32

pleiotropy

Back 32

one gene cotnrols multiple traits

Front 33

epistatsis

Back 33

ex. albinism. one gene indirectly affects another

Front 34

allele

Back 34

one form or coding of a gene

Front 35

locus

Back 35

site on a chromsoome where agene is located

Front 36

genotype

Back 36

two alleles, one is dominate one is recessive, genotype directs phenotype

Front 37

phenotype

Back 37

observable trait, cannot always determine denotype by observing phenotype

Front 38

rule of multiplication

Back 38

probability of two or more independent events occuring together, "and", slimmer chance

Front 39

rule of addition

Back 39

probabily of events occuring if there are multiple ways of succeeding, "or", "better chance"

Front 40

autosomal dominant

Back 40

DD and Dd have disease phenotype, only dd genotypes are disease free, assumes no new mutations( for all, not just A dom), affected offspring never born to unaffected parents

Front 41

autosomal recessive

Back 41

only 'rr' gentotypes are affected, typically not seen in every generation. affected offspring can be born to unaffected parents

Front 42

lamarack theory

Back 42

simplest forms of life arose spontaneously. progressive change- a ladder or scale of nature. need drove change. inheritance of aquird characterisitcs

Front 43

natural selection

Back 43

left unchecked, members of any species increase in number, as numbers increase resources are consumed, scarcity and competition, survival of the few- individuals bearing favorable charactiristics

Front 44

fitness

Back 44

survival or mortality selection, mating success or sexual selction, family size or fecundity selection

Front 45

stablizing selection

Back 45

favors intermediate phenotype, extremes are disadavation, birth weight

Front 46

directional selection

Back 46

favors one end of phenotype, usually during environmental change, pepper moth

Front 47

diversifying selection

Back 47

favors borth extremes, usually during environmental changes,

Front 48

balancing selection

Back 48

maintians balance between advantagesous and disadvantageous alleles, sickle cell anemia

Front 49

frequency dependence selection

Back 49

type of frequence dependent on selction. postiive fitness increases as population increases, negative- fitness decreases as it becomes common

Front 50

protobionts

Back 50

spontaneous, abiotically production of organic molucules, concentrate molecules to allow chemical reaction such as polymarization