Evolution And Ecology Test 3

Front 1

top layer of aquatic habitat, where photosynthesis is possible

Back 1

photic zone

Front 2

open water habitat in ocean or lake, where biodiversity is relatively low

Back 2

pelagic zone

Front 3

bottom habitat in ocean or lake, with food or web enriched by falling detritus

Back 3

benthic zone

Front 4

lake shoreline habitat, with emergent vegetation providing structural diversity

Back 4

littoral zone

Front 5

specific environmental situation (biotic and abiotic factors) required by a species

Back 5

habitat

Front 6

addition of nutrients to freshwater systems, sometimes causing algal blooms

Back 6

eutrophication

Front 7

side of the mountain where precipitation is high due to prevailing winds

Back 7

windward

Front 8

"rain shadow" of a mountain where precipitation is low

Back 8

lee

Front 9

global ecosystem as a functional unit

Back 9

biosphere

Front 10

movement of individuals away from centers of high population density

Back 10

dispersal

Front 11

innate sequence of behaviors triggered by a sign stimulus

Back 11

fixed action pattern

Front 12

tropical forest, savanna, desert, chaparral, taiga, tundra, etc.

Back 12

biome

Front 13

Indigo Buntings inherit specific component of navigation; orienting to north star

Back 13

proximate cause

Front 14

example of a wetland habitat, where river mouth meets ocean

Back 14

estuary

Front 15

automatic orientation toward a stimulus (or away from it)

Back 15

taxis

Front 16

sunlight, water, temperature, wind, disturbances, rocks & components of soil

Back 16

abiotic components

Front 17

behavior in one animal that cause a change in another

Back 17

signal

Front 18

automatic change in activity level triggered by stimulus

Back 18

kinesis

Front 19

geese who imprinted on their mother were more likely to pass on their genes

Back 19

ultimate cause

Front 20

rats, goats, pigs, cane toads, starlings, bullfrogs, lampreys, kudzu

Back 20

biological invasions

Front 21

a chemical signal used for communication; acts like hormone in recipient

Back 21

pheromone

Front 22

ability to link one component of environment with another (e. g., predator; odor)

Back 22

associative learning

Front 23

loss of responsiveness to (repetitive) stimuli that convey very little information

Back 23

habituation

Front 24

cattle egret, great-tailed grackle

Back 24

range expansions

Front 25

alarm signals and other altruistic behaviors can usually be explained by this

Back 25

inclusive fitness

Front 26

large size dimorphism between males and females is often associated with

Back 26

polygamous system

Front 27

animal learns to associate its own behaviors with reward or punishment

Back 27

operant conditioning

Front 28

system of information transfer wia social learning

Back 28

culture

Front 29

internal representation of spatial relationships among objects

Back 29

cognitive map

Front 30

sunfish moves further in effort to obtain large food items rather than small ones

Back 30

optimal foraging theory

Front 31

study of population birth and death rates over time (including age structure, etc)

Back 31

demography

Front 32

model for population increase that accounts for limiting factors approaching (K)

Back 32

logistic growth

Front 33

disturbance and other factors that limit population size regardless of density

Back 33

density-independent

Front 34

number of individual organisms of a given species, per unit area

Back 34

population density

Front 35

reproduction occurs in a single effort; usually "r-selected" species

Back 35

semelparity

Front 36

reproduction occurs multiple times; including many "k-selected" species

Back 36

iteroparity

Front 37

group of individuals born within a given time interval (age groups)

Back 37

cohort

Front 38

best possible per capita birth rate minus per capita death rate (for a species)

Back 38

intrinsic rate of increase (r of max)

Front 39

pattern of spacing among individual organisms (clumped, uniform, random)

Back 39

dispersion

Front 40

territorially, disease, and other factors that limit population size at high density

Back 40

density-dependent

Front 41

mortality rate highest for older individuals (deaths due to old age are common)

Back 41

Type 1 survivorship

Front 42

mortality rate constant throughout potential life span (deaths due to hazards)

Back 42

Type 2 survivorship

Front 43

mortality rate highest for juveniles (deaths due to unpredictable conditions)

Back 43

Type 3 survivorship

Front 44

when the parasite is microscopic

Back 44

pathogen

Front 45

geometric model for population increase for limited time in ideal conditions

Back 45

exponential growth

Front 46

differences in adaptations; microhabit preference; due to past competition

Back 46

resource partitioning

Front 47

when the parasite eventually kills the host

Back 47

parasitoid

Front 48

maximum population size that can be supported by an environment

Back 48

carrying capacity (K)

Front 49

populations that live in the same area with potential for intersecific interactions

Back 49

community

Front 50

two species with identical niches cannot coexist; one will become extinct

Back 50

competitive exclusion

Front 51

estimated total resource use for a designated group of people

Back 51

ecological footprint

Front 52

finch beak sizes more different between two species, where overlap occurs

Back 52

character displacement

Front 53

proportion that each species represents, compared to total number present

Back 53

relative abundance

Front 54

group of populations linked by immigration and emigration

Back 54

metapopulation

Front 55

beavers strongly influence ecosystem function via structural modifications

Back 55

ecosystem engineer

Front 56

when the plant is partly eaten but not killed

Back 56

herbivory

Front 57

total number of species in the community

Back 57

richness

Front 58

high birth rate minus high death rate or low birth rate minus low death

Back 58

zero population growth

Front 59

large, abundant doug fir trees exert strong influence on ecosystem function

Back 59

dominant species

Front 60

sequence of species colonizing area that has been distributed (soil still intact)

Back 60

primary succession

Front 61

sequence of species colonizing area that has been disturbed (soil destroyed)

Back 61

secondary succession