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56 Cards in this Set
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evolution definition |
cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population over successive generations |
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full plant classification |
Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Angiospermophyta Class: Rosids Order: Rosales Family: Rosaceae Genus: Rosa Species: Acicularis |
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evidence for evolution |
1 fossils: 2 selective breeding: 3 homologous structures: |
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1 fossils |
the sequence in which they appear in the earths rock match with the sequence they were expected to evolveplants then animals |
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2 selective breeding: |
form of artificial selection, humans intervene to produce desired traits in offspringresults in diverse breeds of domesticated animals like dogs (racing, toy), cows (normal vs. wild belgian blue) and horses |
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3 homologous structures: |
homologous structures illustrate adaptive radiation: several new species rapidly diversify from an ancestral source so they use their COMMON STRUCTURES for DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS pentadactyl limb: human hands, bird wing, whale fins divergent evolution due to common ancestry |
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analogous structures |
DIFFERENT STRUCTURES FOR COMMON FUNCTION convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species with distinct lineages eg wings in bats, birds butterflies or eyes in humans and octopuses common selection pressures |
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peppered moth evolution |
soot form factories blacked the bark |
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Natural selection explanation and eg |
Charles Darwin: survival of the fittest VARIATION – genetic variation in heritable characteristics (mutation, sexual reproduction) COMPETITION – There is a struggle for survival (more offspring than the environment can support) SELECTION – Environmental/evolutionary pressures lead to differential reproduction within a population ADAPTATION – Individuals with reproductive advantages (best suited) will be more likely to survive and pass these traits on to their offspring EVOLUTION -cumulative change... make pop. better suited E.g. antibiotic resistance (MSSA and MRSA), peppered moths, finches on galapagos islands |
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galapagos islands |
beak shape and size of finches illustrate adaptive radiation different environment on each island=different selective pressures (food, predators) some east seeds, insects |
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antibiotic resistance |
eg. staphylococcus aureus treated with methicillin MRSA and MSSA exist |
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advantaged of binomial nomenclature |
1 universally understood 2 can show some similarity between organisms 3 language barrier |
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domains of life |
eukarytote, archaea (P), bacteria (P) |
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hierarchy of taxa |
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.DID KATY PERRY COME OVER FOR GREAT SOUP |
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human classification |
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalis Order: Primate Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapien |
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natural classification (not selection) |
According to a natural classification system, all members of a particular group would have shared a common ancestor help in identication of species (through a dichotomous key) and allow the prediction of characteristics shared byspecies within a group eg, we find a bat like thing and can prediict stuff about it |
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reviewing classification |
Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows that a previous taxon contains species that have evolved from different ancestral species. |
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animal phyla Porfera Cnidaria Platyhelminths Annelida Anthropoda Mollusca Chordata |
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plant phyla Bryophytes Filicinophytes Conipherophytes Angiospermophytes |
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kingdom animalia, phylum: chordata (vertebrates), what are specific classes |
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clade def cladogram def |
A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved froma common ancestor. Cladograms are tree diagrams that show the sequence of divergence root=initial comm. ancestor node= comm. ancestor |
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cladogram making evidence |
Evidence for which species are part of a clade in the base sequence of a gene or the corresponding amino acid sequence of a protein using morphology is less accurate in reveling common ancestry so things had to be reclassified after DNA CLADISTICS evidence eg FIGWORTS family split |
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molecular clock |
Sequence differences accumulate gradually so there isa positive correlation between the number of differencesbetween two species and the time since they diverged from a common ancestor mutationsoccur at a roughly constant rate so they can be used as a molecularclock |
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human cladogram with other primates |
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definistions Species: Population Community: Habitat: Ecosystem Ecology: |
Species:A group of organisms that can potentially interbreed to produce fertile, viable offspring Population:A group of organisms of the same species, living in the same area at the same time Community:A group of populations living together and interacting with each other within a given area Habitat:The environment in which a species normally lives, or the location of a living organism Ecosystem:A community and its abiotic environment (i.e. habitat) Ecology:The study of the relationship between living organisms, or between living organisms and their environment |
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utotrophic or heterotrophic or mix
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autotrohps inorganic nutrients from the abiotic environment energy for process from photosynthesis heterotrophs get organic nutrients from eating other oganisms mixotrophssome unicellular organisms or venus fly trap |
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heterotroph types |
herbivor, omniovere (panda), carnivore scavengers: feed on dead (vulture) DETRIVORES eg earthworms or beetles: non-living organic sources, such as detritus (decaying matter or poop) SAPOTROPHS eg fungi, mould: secrete digestive enzymes into the food to do external digestions. aka decomposers |
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nutirent cycle |
autotrophs get nutient from abiotic heterotroph eat them all die and sapotrophs break down, making nutrient release in soil autotroph grow in said soil |
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components needed for ecosystem |
energy (light from sun) nutrients available recycling waste |
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chi-squared test with data obtained by quadrat sampling |
testing for association between two species positive = togetehr cuz symbiosis or predator-prey negative= competition 1 quadrat rectangular sample count how many of each in diff spots 2 identify hypotheses 3 table of frequenceies --expected and real with totals 3 chi squared formula finds 4 values then average 4 degrees of freedom ONE (row-1 x column -1) 5 if bigger than p value >positive |
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trophic levels |
position occupied in food chain (linear) |
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energy lost in ecosystem |
not passed from one trophic level to the next cus of cell respiration & othermetabolic activity (used to stay alive) heat (byproduct of metabolic activity) poop unconsumed parts of an organism this limits size of food chains as only 10% of energy passed on |
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heat in ecosystems |
Living organisms cannot turn heat into other forms of usable energy
released from organism and lost from ecosystem (unlike nutrients that are recycled) so ecosystems need external continuous variable energy source ie sun |
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food chain eg |
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biomass |
Biomass is the total mass of a group of organisms higher trophic levels have less biomass ie eating fish gives more energy than eating hawk due to loss of carbon dioxide, water and other waste products, such as urea to the ecosystem because tertiary eat more than secondary, spend more energy hunting and losing biomass |
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energy pyramid |
arrow shows flo of energy 10% must use word producer, primary consumer ec. |
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carbon cycle |
photosynthesis fossilization combustion sedimentation volcanoes |
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co2 diffusion |
autotrophs need co2 for photosynthesis levels of co2 in them are always lowe rthan in environment diffusing from area of high to low through stomata in terrestrial plants or through cells in aquatic |
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cell respiration and photsynthesis in ecosystem |
autotrophs do both and are balanced at compensation point when lots of photo bcuz plant >low atmospheric co2 eg summer when little photo bcuz dead plant> high atmospheric co2 eg winter forests are carbon sinks |
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aquatic ecosystems carbon
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co2 dissolves in water some makes carbonic acid or hyrdogen carbonate react with ca in rocks to make calcium carbionate component of hard shells in clam, mussel and CORALS |
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methanogenesis |
Methanogens are anaerobic archaean microorganisms that produce methane as byproduct of metabolic activity eg. wetlands, mud sediments, rice paddies also digestive system of cows after produces, either released into air or deposits in ground (natural gas) |
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methane in atmostphere |
only persists for ~12 years
naturally oxidised to form carbon dioxide and water (CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O) |
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peat formation |
normally, sapotrophic bacteria decompose dead organisms waterlogged conditions are anaerobic so they becomes ACIDIC and sapotrophs cant live peat: partially decomposed, carbon rich, waterlogged, acidic anaerobic heat and pressure removes moisture and you get coal |
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oil/natural gas formation |
decay of marine organisms on the ocean floor
sediments deposited on top creating anaerobic conditions preventing decomposition heat + pressure turns the hydrocrabons into oil and gas these accumulate in porous rocks called sandstone |
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combustion |
products are co2 and water fossil fuels or biomass living organisms make hydrocarbon as part of biomass hydrocarbons extracted, purified them burned eg biodiesel |
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carbon fluxes |
rate of exchange of carbon between the various carbon sinks / reservoirs
4 sinks: lithosphere (earth crust), hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere rate affected by photo, respiration, decomposition, combustion, deforestation only ESTIMATION because impossible to directly emasure measured in gigatonnes |
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annual atmospheric carbon fluctuation |
hawaii global conforms to nortehnr hemisphere contains cuz more land co2 levels low in summer as days are long so lots of photo measures in gigatonnes |
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most significant greenhouse gases and others
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Carbon dioxide and water vapour (cllouds)
others methane nitrogen oxides less than 1% of atmosphere |
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factors affecting amount of impact of gas |
ability to absorb long wave radiatuon concentration in atmosphere |
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greenhouse effect |
natural process traps heat in atmosphere (stops rapid temp fluctuations) incoming short wave UV from sun earth survance absorbs teh short UV and reemits it as long IR wave greenhosue gases absorb and trap some of those IR |
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why rising atmospheric co2 levels |
COMBUSTION of fossilized organic matter : factoryies, cars
deforestation cattle farming |
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things influenced by change in greenhouse gas concentraions |
global temperatures (specifically by CO2) climate patterns ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT - too much trapped heat more frequent weather storms, droughts, changing ocean currents |
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co2 and global temp |
ice cores in antarctica analyze gas bubbles farther down = older fluctuating global temps in ice ages and warm ages show positive correlation |
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industrial revolution and co2 |
burning fossil fuels high fossil fuel emission = high atmospheric co2 = high global temps |
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ocean acidification |
dissolves co2 dissociates and h+ ions raise acidity and react with more carbonate so mulluscs and coral cant form calcium carbonate shells and dies 8.2 to 8.1 since industrial revolution sows 30 percent acidification dissapearance of coral reefs loss in revenue of tourning industry too much algae |
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greenhouse debate |
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