Evolution

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The process of change over time

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Evolution

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Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms

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Fossil

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Nature provides variations and humans select those they find useful

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Artificial Selection

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Any heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

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Adaption

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How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its enviornment

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Fitness

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The process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local enviornment survive and leave more offspring

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Natural Selection

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The study of where organisms live now and where they and their ancestors lived in the past

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Biogeography

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Structures that are shared by related species and that have been inherited from a common ancestor

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Homologues Structure

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Body parts that share common features but not structure

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Analogous Structure

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Vestigal Structure

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Inherited from ancestors but have lost much or all of their original function due to different pressures acting on descendants

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Consists of all the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene that are present in a population

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Gene Pool

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The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared to the total number of alleles in that pool for the same gene

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Allele frequency

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The presence of absent or dark bonds

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Single-Gene Trait

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Traits controlled by 2 or more genes

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Polygenic Trait

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When individuals of one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end this is occurring

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Directional Selection

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When individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end this is taking place

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Stabilizing Selection

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When individuals at the outer ends of the curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle of the curve this occurs

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Disruptive Selection

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From random an allele becomes less common

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Genetic Drift

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A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population

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Bottleneck Effect

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When allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population.

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Founder Effect

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If a population is not evolving, allele frequencies in its gene pool do not change, which means equilibrium has occured

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Genetic Equilibrium

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That allele frequencies in a population should remain constant unless one or more factors cause these frequencies to change

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Hardy-weinberg Principle

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When individuals select mates based on heritable traits such as size, strength, coloration, ect.

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Sexual Selection

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A population or group if populations whose members can interviewed and produce fertile offspring

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Species

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Speciation

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The formation of a new species

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When a gene pool has split and can no longer interbreed

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Reproductive Isolation

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When 2 populations that are capable of interbreeding develop differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors

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Behavioral Isolation

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When 2 populations are separated by geographic barriers such as mountains, rivers, etc.

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Geographic Isolation

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When 2 or more species reproduce at different times

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Temporal Isolation

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Uses mutation rates in DNA to estimate the time that two species have been evolving independently

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Molecular Clock