Evolution

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Geologic Evolution

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Evolution of the earth, e.g. tectonic plates

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Organic Evolution

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Evolution of living things

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Geologic Record

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Potential prehistoric items found in a layer of sedimentary rock

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Fossils

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Remains (usually skeletons) of dead organisms found in sedimentary rock; typically preserved; strongest method to prove evolution took place

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Comparative Anatomy

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The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species; compares homologous structures

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Comparative Cytology

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Examines the differences between various kinds of cells, DNA, and proline, which is an amino acid

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Comparative Embryology

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Compares and contrasts embryos of different species. It is used to show how all animals are related.

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Comparative Biochemistry

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The study of differences in chemical processes among species of animals.

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Relative Dating

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The science of determining the relative order of past events (i.e., the age of an object in comparison to another), without necessarily determining their absolute age, (i.e. estimated age).

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Insects were preserved in what?

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They were preserved in amber

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The wooly mammoth recently found was found preserved in what?

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It was found preserved in ice

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Petrification

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A process of fossilization in which dissolved minerals replace organic matter; happens near water.

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Law of Use and Disuse

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Made by Jean Lamarck; incorrect theory an organism can pass on characteristics that it has acquired during its lifetime to its offspring

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Absolute Dating

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Uses radioactive substance to determine the exact time something was around

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Half life

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Amount of time for half of the radioactive substance to break down

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What is the half life of C - 14?

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5, 200 years

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What is the most used substance for half life?

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U - 238, which lasts billions of years

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Recapitulation

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Theory of that during embryological development stages of evolution are compared

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Zygote

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a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

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Living Fossil

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a living species (or clade) of organism that appears to be similar to a species otherwise known only from fossils.

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What is an example of a living fossil?

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An example is the coelacanth.

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Jean Lamarck

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Created a variety of theorems, including the use and disuse theorem and the acquired characteristics theorem; he claimed that living things needed to evolve to survive

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Who disproved Lamarck's theories?

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August Weisman

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How did August Weisman disprove Jean Lamarck's theories?

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He cut off the tails of mice and found that their children still grew tails.

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Charles Darwin

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A British naturalist of the nineteenth century. He and others developed the theory of evolution. This theory forms the basis for the modern life sciences.

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HMS Beagle

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Ship that Charles Darwin went on to map the coast of Africa

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How did Charles Darwin impress the crew of the HMS Beagle?

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He impressed them by making a number of correct observations and even discovering fossils

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What is the significance of the Galapagos Islands?

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The Galapagos Islands were where Charles Darwin made the observation that there were 17 types of finches over the span of the various islands with different types of beaks, unknowingly proving evolution.

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Why is there no overproduction of animals?

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There are various reasons for this, including competition, survival of the fittest, and natural selection.

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Variations

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Different traits among the same types of animals, like the finch's beak. They help an organism survive or hinder the organism in the wild. An example of a good variation is claws, while a bad variation is bright color.

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What is the cause of mutations?

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DNA

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Survival of the Fittest

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The organism that fits the best into its environment will survive

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Natural Selection

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Natural "selects" which organisms fit and which ones don't

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What two things could Darwin not prove?

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Where the variations came from and how mutations were passed onto the next generation

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Where did variations come from?

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They came from mutated DNA caused by UV rays

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How were mutations passed on to the next generation?

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Genetics

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What are the two evolutionary patterns?

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Gradualism (Darwin) and Punctuated Equilibrium (Gould)

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What are some of the sources of variation?

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Gene mutation, chromosomal mutation, recombination, and migration

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Gene mutation

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Rare; caused by UV rays

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Chromosomal mutation

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Can result in a new combination of genes; the tips on the ends switch places; good mutations can occur

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Recombination

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Fertilization; very random act; brings on a new combination of genes

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Migration

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From one ecosystem to another; usually caused by low food supply

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What re some of the types of adaptations?

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Structural, physiological, behavioral, and coloration

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Structural Adaptations

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the physical features of an organism that help it to survive and succeed in its environment.

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Physiological Adaptations

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when an individual has a systemic response to an external stimulus, with the intent to remain in its homeostasis.

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Behavioral adaptations

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the things organisms do to survive. For example, bird calls and migration are behavioral adaptations.

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Industrial melanism

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the prevalence of dark-colored varieties of animals (especially moths) in industrial areas where they are better camouflaged against predators than paler forms.

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Speciation Mechanisms

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The evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated biological populations evolve to become distinct species; There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric.

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Allopatric Speciation

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speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant, or isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange.

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Peripatric Speciation

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new species are formed in isolated peripheral populations; this is similar to allopatric speciation in that populations are isolated and prevented from exchanging genes.

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Parapatric Speciation

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extremely rare. It occurs when populations are separated not by a geographical barrier, such as a body of water, but by an extreme change in habitat. While populations in these areas may interbreed, they often develop distinct characteristics and lifestyles.

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Sympatric Speciation

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the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region